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A systematic review on Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aurous in patients with surgical wounds
(International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research, 2022) Chidimma Maureen Chukwueze; Ogochukwu Vivian Okpala; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu
MRSA is defined by the presence of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec); which is a large mobile genetic element that carries the mecA gene which codes for an alternative form of penicillin binding protein (PBP2a). Staphylococcus aureus developed resistance to this type of β-lactam antibiotics by acquiring the mecA gene which is carried on the SCC mec element described earlier. Strains which carry this mecA gene are known as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), even though they are actually resistant to all β lactam based antibiotics. Historically, Staphylococcus aureus has been known to develop antimicrobial resistance to most antimicrobials rapidly. The bacteria developed resistance to penicillin only a year after the introduction of penicillin into clinical use. It is now estimated that 90%–95% of Staphylococcus aureus strains worldwide are resistant to penicillin. The resistance exhibited by MRSA to most antibiotics imply that treatment for suspected or verified severe Staphylococcus aureus infections, including common skin and wound infections, must rely on second line drugs.
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A Systematic Review on Hypertension and its Management
(International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research, 2022) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Byamungu Pahari Kagenderezo; Getrude Uzoma Obeagu
Hypertension is a public health problem which has cut across all spheres of life and walks of life. From the literature review, the researcher has found that most hypertensive patients are less engaged in healthy behaviours because of knowledge deficit. The literature reviews also indicated that gender, age, level of education, lifestyle, and compliance to treatment regimen had significant association with healthy behaviours in patients with hypertension.
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Codeine Substitute Challenges Drug and Substance Abuse Controls in Nigeria
(Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, 2022) Nnaemeka Okorie; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Olayinka Catherine Adeniran; Azi Simon Onyema; Ude, Ugomma Agwu
Codeine substitute challenges to drug and substance abuse controls in Nigeria: Histopathology evaluations of Norvegicus rattus on lacatomtom is novel research that aimed to evaluate the Codeine substitute challenges to drugs and substance abuse; histopathology perspective and oxidative biomarkers evaluation of the tissues cum chemical pathology analysis of the serum of the control and intervened subjects. The experimental subjects were grouped into control, acute and chronic (T1, T2, and T3) respectively; the acute groups of the oral administration of lacatomtom mixture were given 0.01mg/g of lacatomtom for 14 days while the chronic were given for 42 days and periodically weighed and recorded; The Animals were sacrificed and the organs harvested following ethical procedures for animal killing. The blood and tissues of the harvested organs (blood, lungs, liver, and kidney) under investigation were subjected to chemical pathology analysis to assess the liver and kidney functions, then proceeded to histopathological examination using formalin fixed paraffin processed methods with both routine and special stains, liver, lungs and kidney homogenate were subjected to oxidative stress biomarkers test (MDA, SOD, Gpx, GSH and Catalase). Histopathology results first revealed a severe cellular injury in all the organs under study compare to the normal control; significance (p<0.5) elevation found among some enzymes AST, ALP ALT are also an indication of damaged liver, increase MDA and reduced SOD, Gpx, GSH and catalase correlate the histology results and biochemistry.
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Clinical characteristics of people living with HIV/AIDS on ART in 2014 at tertiary health institutions in Enugu, Nigeria.
(2022) Matthew Chibunna Igwe; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Alphonsus Ogbonna Ogbuabor
Background information: Survival of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) has increased since the emergency of High Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in 1996. HIV cascades have been constructed so that the final outcome is one that will have a positive effect on reducing HIV incidence, morbidity and mortality by suppressing the viral load and thereby increased the CD4 cell counts. The study was aimed to determine the Longitudinal Cascade and Survival analysis of people living with HIV/AIDS in tertiary health institutions in Enugu state. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study design. The study population consisted of those diagnosed for HIV/AIDS at tertiary health institutions in Enugu State. The total numbers of clients enrolled were 793 and 249 clients were loss to follow up, majority was males. Those initiated on ART were 544. Clients of age <15 years were excluded and they were 31 clients. Finally, 500 clients were selected, males were 138 and female were 362 by simple random sampling techniques. Data was collected from HIV / AIDS patients ART record cards, registers and institutions data units for those initiated on ART in 2014 using a designed proforma. Those clients aged 15 years and above were retrospectively studied between 2014 and 2018 and some of them that survived after five years (60 months) on ART were interviewed by applying simple random sampling technique. Cohort inclusion begins at initiation on ART with follow-up clinical information collected year by year for five years. IBM SPSS statistics version 24.0 was used. Chi square test was used to assess association between categorical variables and the level of statistical significance of the proportions was determined by a P-value less than 0.05. Manual content analysis was used for the interview and probability of dying and surviving analysis. Results: The majority of the baseline CD4 cell count results presented by clients before initiated on ART were within 100-199 cell/mm3 106 (23.1%). This was followed by those within 200-299 cell/mm3 105 (22.9%). The least baseline results were those within the group ≤ 50 cell/mm3, 33 (7.17%). In all, 460 people presented their CD4 cell count baseline results before placed on ART. CD4 cell count results at 60 month indicate that those clients of CD4 cell count results group ≥ 500, 160 (51.1%) were highest, followed by group within 400- 499, 300-399 and 200-299 which while 92 (29.4%), 45 (14.4%) and 16 (5.1%) respectively. Conclusion: Based on the study, HIV prevalence in Nigeria now appears to have assumed a downward trend following the availability of ART and a relative stability from 2012 to 2018, yet a sustained and more effective intervention is still needed to avert increase incidence by mostat– risk subpopulations in the Enugu State.
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Chromium (Cr) Biosorption, from High Energy Battery (Heb) Effluent Using Fung
(Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 2022) Vajiha Banu Habeeb Mohamed; Sumithra Pasumalarasu; Kavitha Parangusadoss; Kannahi Manoharan; Vidya Sankarapandain; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Sunil Kumar; Wilson Mathembele
In the current industrialized world, uses of batteries have gained importance as a result of its high performance and energy storage system. Though, battery was considered safe and produced less carbon foot print, it also has its ill effects such as heavy metal contamination in water and soil, which is also at its threshold to be addressed. Here comes the concern, about the elevated heavy metal concentration especially chromium in the environment and its health hazards exerted over all living organisms. Thus, as an approach towards the bio sorption of chromium from environment, fungal isolates obtained from soil samples of HEB effluent were screened for their resistance and efficiency. Among the 36 fungal isolates attained, Aspergillus was found to be most predominant in both eastern and western area, as well as more resistant to chromium even at 1000 ppm. On further optimization of pH, Temperature, incubation period, carbon source, nitrogen source and phosphorous, it concluded that medium with Glucose, malt extract and potassium dihydrogen phosphate at pH 5 showed significant growth and proficient absorption of chromium under static condition. The 18s rRNA gene sequencing of the effectual organism revealed to be Aspergillus niger (KY354579) with 99 % according to BLAST analysis.