KIU Institutional Repository
Research and publications for Kampala International University Community
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Recent Submissions
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Hypertension and Pregnancy in Uganda: Maternal Health Implications and Treatment Approaches
(Research Invention Journal of Research In Medical Sciences, 2025) Namazzi Apiyo U.
Phytochemicals, bioactive compounds derived from plants, have garnered significant attention for their therapeutic potential in treating a wide array of diseases. However, increasing evidence suggests that certain phytochemicals, particularly in high doses or with prolonged use, can induce hepatotoxicity, leading to liver damage. The liver, as the primary organ responsible for detoxifying the body, is particularly susceptible to damage from both endogenous and exogenous substances, including phytochemicals. This systematic review explores the mechanisms behind phytochemical-induced hepatotoxicity, focusing on oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, and gene expression alterations. Additionally, it discusses protective interventions, including the use of other phytochemicals, antioxidants, and pharmaceutical agents that may mitigate liver damage. Given the growing use of plant-based medicines and dietary supplements, understanding the hepatotoxic potential of phytochemicals is crucial for their safe use. The review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity associated with phytochemicals, highlighting the risks and offering insights into preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Hormonal Response of the Reproductive System to Phytochemicals: Targeting Prolactin, Estrogen, and Gonadotropins for Fertility Regulation
(Research Output Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research, 2025) Byaruhanga Abura G.
Phytochemicals, bioactive compounds derived from plants, are emerging as potent modulators of the endocrine system with implications for reproductive health. This review explores the mechanistic pathways through which specific phytochemicals influence the secretion and activity of key reproductive hormones such as prolactin, estrogen, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), with a focus on their potential roles in fertility regulation. By examining evidence from in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical trials, we evaluate how phytoestrogens, lignans, flavonoids, and saponins interact with hormone receptors and signaling cascades. The review also discusses the dualistic effects of phytochemicals as both fertility enhancers and contraceptives, depending on dose, timing, and metabolic context. Furthermore, the safety, pharmacokinetics, and potential for integrating phytochemicals into fertility management protocols are critically addressed. This synthesis underscores the need for rigorous standardization and clinical validation to harness phytochemicals as complementary or alternative therapies in reproductive endocrinology.
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Hypertension and Pregnancy in Uganda: Maternal Health Implications and Treatment Approaches
(Eurasian Experiment Journal of Public Health (EEJPH), 2025) Bizimana Rukundo T.
Kampala International University Hypertension in pregnancy (HDP) is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, with significant implications for public health in Uganda. This review explores the burden of HDP, its epidemiology, risk factors, and health implications for both mothers and infants in Uganda. It addresses the clinical challenges and the impact of limited healthcare infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, which impede the early detection and management of HDP. The review also evaluates the diagnostic practices, treatment approaches, and management strategies currently in place, as well as the barriers to effective care. Furthermore, the role of cultural beliefs and socioeconomic factors in influencing healthcare-seeking behaviors is discussed. By identifying key gaps in the healthcare system and current policies, the review provides recommendations for improving the prevention, diagnosis, and management of hypertension in pregnancy. This comprehensive approach aims to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, enhancing overall health outcomes in Uganda.
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Impact of Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles on Neurological Complications in Pediatric Cerebral Malaria:
(Research Output Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research, 2025) Fumbiro Akiriza O
Pediatric cerebral malaria (CM), a severe neurological manifestation of Plasmodium falciparum infection, disproportionately affects children under five in sub-Saharan Africa and remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term neurological morbidity despite effective antiparasitic treatment. Neurological sequelae such as cognitive impairment, motor dysfunction, and behavioral disorders result primarily from immunopathological processes, with inflammatory cytokines emerging as key mediators. This conceptual review explored the pivotal role of inflammatory cytokine profiles, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ, in the pathogenesis of cerebral injury in pediatric CM. These cytokines contribute to blood-brain barrier disruption, endothelial activation, neuroinflammation, and excitotoxicity, all of which exacerbate cerebral dysfunction in the developing brain. Furthermore, the immature pediatric immune system, marked by an exaggerated pro-inflammatory response and insufficient regulatory mechanisms, amplifies vulnerability to cytokine-mediated damage. The article was developed using a narrative synthesis methodology, drawing on interdisciplinary literature from immunopathology, neurobiology, and pediatric infectious disease. Potential interventions targeting cytokine signaling pathways, including anti-TNF therapies, cytokine receptor antagonists, and neuroprotective agents, are discussed as future directions to mitigate neurological injury. Ultimately, understanding the immunological underpinnings of pediatric CM is essential for designing adjunctive therapies that preserve neurological function and improve long-term outcomes in affected children
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Impact of Insecticide-Treated Livestock on Malaria Incidence among Nomadic Pastoralists in Northern Nigeria
(Research Output Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research, 2025) Fumbiro Akiriza O.
Malaria remains a significant health burden in Nigeria, particularly among nomadic pastoralists in the northern regions who face heightened vulnerability due to limited access to formal healthcare and their predominantly outdoor lifestyle. Traditional vector control measures such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) have limited efficacy in these mobile populations. Insecticide-treated livestock (ITL) emerges as a promising intervention, leveraging the zoophilic and exophagic behavior of Anopheles arabiensis, the dominant vector species in the region. This review synthesized findings from entomological research, field trials, and ecological studies to assess the efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability of ITL in reducing malaria incidence among nomadic communities in Northern Nigeria. The methodology employed was a narrative synthesis of peer-reviewed literature, grey sources, and field reports relevant to ITL and malaria control in pastoralist contexts. Evidence indicates that ITL can significantly reduce vector density and transmission potential, especially when integrated into community based animal health systems. Socio-cultural acceptability among pastoralists is high when interventions respect traditional livestock practices and ensure proper community engagement. Operational scalability remains a challenge, necessitating intersectoral collaboration and sustained funding. ITL offers a novel and context-sensitive addition to malaria control efforts, especially in underserved and mobile populations.