Hormonal Response of the Reproductive System to Phytochemicals: Targeting Prolactin, Estrogen, and Gonadotropins for Fertility Regulation
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Date
2025
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Research Output Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research
Abstract
Phytochemicals, bioactive compounds derived from plants, are emerging as potent modulators of the endocrine system with implications for reproductive health. This review explores the mechanistic pathways through which specific phytochemicals influence the secretion and activity of key reproductive hormones such as prolactin, estrogen, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), with a focus on their potential roles in fertility regulation. By examining evidence from in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical trials, we evaluate how phytoestrogens, lignans, flavonoids, and saponins interact with hormone receptors and signaling cascades. The review also discusses the dualistic effects of phytochemicals as both fertility enhancers and contraceptives, depending on dose, timing, and metabolic context. Furthermore, the safety, pharmacokinetics, and potential for integrating phytochemicals into fertility management protocols are critically addressed. This synthesis underscores the need for rigorous standardization and clinical validation to harness phytochemicals as complementary or alternative therapies in reproductive endocrinology.