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Codeine Substitute Challenges Drug and Substance Abuse Controls in Nigeria
(Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, 2022) Nnaemeka Okorie; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Olayinka Catherine Adeniran; Azi Simon Onyema; Ude, Ugomma Agwu
Codeine substitute challenges to drug and substance abuse controls in Nigeria: Histopathology evaluations of Norvegicus rattus on lacatomtom is novel research that aimed to evaluate the Codeine substitute challenges to drugs and substance abuse; histopathology perspective and oxidative biomarkers evaluation of the tissues cum chemical pathology analysis of the serum of the control and intervened subjects. The experimental subjects were grouped into control, acute and chronic (T1, T2, and T3) respectively; the acute groups of the oral administration of lacatomtom mixture were given 0.01mg/g of lacatomtom for 14 days while the chronic were given for 42 days and periodically weighed and recorded; The Animals were sacrificed and the organs harvested following ethical procedures for animal killing. The blood and tissues of the harvested organs (blood, lungs, liver, and kidney) under investigation were subjected to chemical pathology analysis to assess the liver and kidney functions, then proceeded to histopathological examination using formalin fixed paraffin processed methods with both routine and special stains, liver, lungs and kidney homogenate were subjected to oxidative stress biomarkers test (MDA, SOD, Gpx, GSH and Catalase). Histopathology results first revealed a severe cellular injury in all the organs under study compare to the normal control; significance (p<0.5) elevation found among some enzymes AST, ALP ALT are also an indication of damaged liver, increase MDA and reduced SOD, Gpx, GSH and catalase correlate the histology results and biochemistry.
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Clinical characteristics of people living with HIV/AIDS on ART in 2014 at tertiary health institutions in Enugu, Nigeria.
(2022) Matthew Chibunna Igwe; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Alphonsus Ogbonna Ogbuabor
Background information: Survival of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) has increased since the emergency of High Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in 1996. HIV cascades have been constructed so that the final outcome is one that will have a positive effect on reducing HIV incidence, morbidity and mortality by suppressing the viral load and thereby increased the CD4 cell counts. The study was aimed to determine the Longitudinal Cascade and Survival analysis of people living with HIV/AIDS in tertiary health institutions in Enugu state. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study design. The study population consisted of those diagnosed for HIV/AIDS at tertiary health institutions in Enugu State. The total numbers of clients enrolled were 793 and 249 clients were loss to follow up, majority was males. Those initiated on ART were 544. Clients of age <15 years were excluded and they were 31 clients. Finally, 500 clients were selected, males were 138 and female were 362 by simple random sampling techniques. Data was collected from HIV / AIDS patients ART record cards, registers and institutions data units for those initiated on ART in 2014 using a designed proforma. Those clients aged 15 years and above were retrospectively studied between 2014 and 2018 and some of them that survived after five years (60 months) on ART were interviewed by applying simple random sampling technique. Cohort inclusion begins at initiation on ART with follow-up clinical information collected year by year for five years. IBM SPSS statistics version 24.0 was used. Chi square test was used to assess association between categorical variables and the level of statistical significance of the proportions was determined by a P-value less than 0.05. Manual content analysis was used for the interview and probability of dying and surviving analysis. Results: The majority of the baseline CD4 cell count results presented by clients before initiated on ART were within 100-199 cell/mm3 106 (23.1%). This was followed by those within 200-299 cell/mm3 105 (22.9%). The least baseline results were those within the group ≤ 50 cell/mm3, 33 (7.17%). In all, 460 people presented their CD4 cell count baseline results before placed on ART. CD4 cell count results at 60 month indicate that those clients of CD4 cell count results group ≥ 500, 160 (51.1%) were highest, followed by group within 400- 499, 300-399 and 200-299 which while 92 (29.4%), 45 (14.4%) and 16 (5.1%) respectively. Conclusion: Based on the study, HIV prevalence in Nigeria now appears to have assumed a downward trend following the availability of ART and a relative stability from 2012 to 2018, yet a sustained and more effective intervention is still needed to avert increase incidence by mostat– risk subpopulations in the Enugu State.
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Chromium (Cr) Biosorption, from High Energy Battery (Heb) Effluent Using Fung
(Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 2022) Vajiha Banu Habeeb Mohamed; Sumithra Pasumalarasu; Kavitha Parangusadoss; Kannahi Manoharan; Vidya Sankarapandain; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Sunil Kumar; Wilson Mathembele
In the current industrialized world, uses of batteries have gained importance as a result of its high performance and energy storage system. Though, battery was considered safe and produced less carbon foot print, it also has its ill effects such as heavy metal contamination in water and soil, which is also at its threshold to be addressed. Here comes the concern, about the elevated heavy metal concentration especially chromium in the environment and its health hazards exerted over all living organisms. Thus, as an approach towards the bio sorption of chromium from environment, fungal isolates obtained from soil samples of HEB effluent were screened for their resistance and efficiency. Among the 36 fungal isolates attained, Aspergillus was found to be most predominant in both eastern and western area, as well as more resistant to chromium even at 1000 ppm. On further optimization of pH, Temperature, incubation period, carbon source, nitrogen source and phosphorous, it concluded that medium with Glucose, malt extract and potassium dihydrogen phosphate at pH 5 showed significant growth and proficient absorption of chromium under static condition. The 18s rRNA gene sequencing of the effectual organism revealed to be Aspergillus niger (KY354579) with 99 % according to BLAST analysis.
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Characterisation of HLA-DR antigen in patients type 1 diabetes mellitus in patient attending a tertairy hospital in Enugu, south-east Nigeria
(Academic journal of health science, 2023) Ijeoma Leticia Okoroiwu; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Hilda González San; Miguel Sebastiana Arroyo Bote; Getrude Uzoma Obeagu
Background: The association between HLA-DR antigen and diabetes mellitus was studied in know diabetic patient on medication at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu. The study was done to characterize the HLA-DR antigen in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus attending University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Materials and methods: Ethical clearance was obtained from the Hospital Research Ethics Committee, while informed consent was obtained from each member of the studied group. Whole blood was collected from each subject using standard venipuncture into an EDTA anticoagulant bottle and fluoride tube. The fasting glucose level was determined by enzymatic oxidase-peroxidase method and glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc) spectrophotometrically. The HLA-DR antigen alleles were studied using sequence specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) techniques. Results: The mean results of glucose and HbAlc levels were normal and showed no significant difference when they were compared according to their alleles. The correlation using Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn’s Multiple comparison test showed no significant difference in all the group; HbAlcvs HLA-DR antigens and glucose levels vs HLA-DR antigens P = 0.7325 and P = 0.6081. However, the alleles HLA- DRB4*01 (17.5%), DRB1* 03 (29.2%) and DRB1*15 (35%) showed higher frequencies in the group studied.
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Challenges of Exclusive Breastfeeding among Working Class Women in a Teaching Hospital South East, Nigeria
(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2022) Adaobi Maryann Ibekwe; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Chisom Evelyn Ibekwe; Chinonye Onyekwuo; Chioma Vivian Ibekwe; Amarachukwu Doris Okoro; Chioma Blessing Ifezue
This research work seeks to investigate the challenges of exclusive breastfeeding among working class mothers in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi Anambra State Nigeria. The objective of the present study is to investigate the attitude of working mothers to exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in Nnamdi Azikiwe Teaching Hospital, Nnewi North L.G.A., Anambra State, Nigeria. The study unravel those socio-economic determinates of exclusive breastfeeding among working mother's in Nnamdi Azikiwe Teaching Hospital, Nnewi in order to give recommendations that will help improve the rate of exclusive breastfeeding. Descriptive survey design was used in the study. Descriptive survey method was used to observe, describe and document aspects of the attitude of working class mothers towards exclusive breastfeeding. Data from the survey was statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 12.0). 120 mothers participated in this study; they were selected based on the inclusion criteria and their availability at the time of the survey. Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers were presented in a cross-tabulation.