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- ItemLong-Acting Antiretroviral Therapies for HIV Treatment and Prevention: Efficacy and Implementation(Newport International Journal of Biological and Applied Sciences (NIJBAS), 2026) Masika Anna MahindaHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remained a persistent global health challenge despite significant progress in antiretroviral therapy. While daily oral antiretroviral regimens have substantially improved survival and reduced transmission, long-term adherence difficulties continue to compromise treatment and prevention outcomes. Long-acting antiretroviral therapies emerged as an innovative pharmacological approach aimed at overcoming these limitations. This review examined the biochemical rationale, clinical efficacy, and implementation considerations of long-acting antiretroviral therapies for both HIV treatment and prevention. A narrative review methodology was utilized to synthesize and critically analyze existing scientific literature on long-acting antiretroviral agents, including pharmacological studies, clinical trials, and implementation research. Evidence indicated that long-acting antiretroviral therapies achieved virologic suppression comparable to conventional oral regimens while offering advantages in adherence, patient satisfaction, and prevention efficacy. Injectable long-acting agents also demonstrated superior effectiveness in HIV prevention compared to daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis. Nonetheless, challenges related to resistance risk, healthcare infrastructure, cost, and equitable access persist. Longacting antiretroviral therapies represented a transformative advancement in HIV care, but their optimal impact will depend on strategic implementation and health system adaptation.
- ItemImmune-Mediated Toxic Reactions: The Contribution of ROS, Cytokines, and Autoantibodies(Newport International Journal of Biological and Applied Sciences (NIJBAS), 2025) Zakaria AliImmune-mediated toxic reactions represent a significant subset of pathological conditions where dysregulated immune responses contribute directly to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Central to these reactions are three interrelated mediators: reactive oxygen species (ROS), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and autoantibodies. ROS, generated by activated immune cells, cause oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, amplifying inflammatory cascades. Cytokines orchestrate immune cell recruitment and activation, but their excessive or persistent release can exacerbate tissue injury. Autoantibodies, hallmark features of autoimmune conditions, target self-antigens, inducing complement activation, cell lysis, and chronic inflammation. The interplay between ROS, cytokines, and autoantibodies creates a self-perpetuating cycle of immune-mediated toxicity, contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, drug hypersensitivities, and chronic inflammatory conditions. Understanding the mechanistic roles of these mediators provides insight into disease progression and highlights therapeutic targets aimed at modulating oxidative stress, cytokine signaling, and autoantibody production. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of immune-mediated toxi reactions, emphasizing the integration of redox biology, immunology, and autoimmunity in the development of tissue injury and chronic disease.
- ItemHypertension and Pregnancy in Uganda: Maternal Health Implications and Treatment Approaches(Research Invention Journal of Research In Medical Sciences, 2025) Namazzi Apiyo U.Phytochemicals, bioactive compounds derived from plants, have garnered significant attention for their therapeutic potential in treating a wide array of diseases. However, increasing evidence suggests that certain phytochemicals, particularly in high doses or with prolonged use, can induce hepatotoxicity, leading to liver damage. The liver, as the primary organ responsible for detoxifying the body, is particularly susceptible to damage from both endogenous and exogenous substances, including phytochemicals. This systematic review explores the mechanisms behind phytochemical-induced hepatotoxicity, focusing on oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, and gene expression alterations. Additionally, it discusses protective interventions, including the use of other phytochemicals, antioxidants, and pharmaceutical agents that may mitigate liver damage. Given the growing use of plant-based medicines and dietary supplements, understanding the hepatotoxic potential of phytochemicals is crucial for their safe use. The review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity associated with phytochemicals, highlighting the risks and offering insights into preventive and therapeutic strategies.
- ItemHormonal Response of the Reproductive System to Phytochemicals: Targeting Prolactin, Estrogen, and Gonadotropins for Fertility Regulation(Research Output Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research, 2025) Byaruhanga Abura G.Phytochemicals, bioactive compounds derived from plants, are emerging as potent modulators of the endocrine system with implications for reproductive health. This review explores the mechanistic pathways through which specific phytochemicals influence the secretion and activity of key reproductive hormones such as prolactin, estrogen, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), with a focus on their potential roles in fertility regulation. By examining evidence from in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical trials, we evaluate how phytoestrogens, lignans, flavonoids, and saponins interact with hormone receptors and signaling cascades. The review also discusses the dualistic effects of phytochemicals as both fertility enhancers and contraceptives, depending on dose, timing, and metabolic context. Furthermore, the safety, pharmacokinetics, and potential for integrating phytochemicals into fertility management protocols are critically addressed. This synthesis underscores the need for rigorous standardization and clinical validation to harness phytochemicals as complementary or alternative therapies in reproductive endocrinology.
- ItemHypertension and Pregnancy in Uganda: Maternal Health Implications and Treatment Approaches(Eurasian Experiment Journal of Public Health (EEJPH), 2025) Bizimana Rukundo T.Kampala International University Hypertension in pregnancy (HDP) is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, with significant implications for public health in Uganda. This review explores the burden of HDP, its epidemiology, risk factors, and health implications for both mothers and infants in Uganda. It addresses the clinical challenges and the impact of limited healthcare infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, which impede the early detection and management of HDP. The review also evaluates the diagnostic practices, treatment approaches, and management strategies currently in place, as well as the barriers to effective care. Furthermore, the role of cultural beliefs and socioeconomic factors in influencing healthcare-seeking behaviors is discussed. By identifying key gaps in the healthcare system and current policies, the review provides recommendations for improving the prevention, diagnosis, and management of hypertension in pregnancy. This comprehensive approach aims to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, enhancing overall health outcomes in Uganda.