Browsing by Author "Sumil, Novembrieta"
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- ItemAdministrative Behaviour and Institutional Efficiency in Selected Universities in Central Uganda(Academic Affairs Directorate, Kampala International University (KIU), Uganda, East Africa Institute for Social Research, KIU, 2017-08) Nakimuli, Amina; Sumil, Novembrieta; Kibuuka, Muhammad; Mwebesa, Edson; Byabashaija, Deusdedit; Bamaiyi, PwavenoTechnical competences of administrators are certainly necessary, albeit they may not be sufficient for efficiency in educational institutions. The administrator’s behaviour is also vital for achieving efficiency thus educational institutions have prepared their numerous and capable specialists and professionals with the necessary skills for efficient and effective higher education administration. This study therefore was conceptualized to shed light to this contention. The association between administrative behaviour and institutional efficiency was empirically investigated employing the ex-post facto, descriptive correlation research designs. One hundred ninety five administrators from two higher education institutions were selected through purposive and systematic random sampling. Standardized and contextualized questionnaires tested for reliability and validity were used as research instruments. Quantitative data analyses were done using the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The findings of the study indicated that the variables of administrative behaviour and institutional efficiency were significantly correlated. Within the context of this finding, administrators of the universities understudy should endeavour to enrich their administrative skills through leadership, management and administrative courses to cope with the managerial challenges hovering the higher education system. Effective administrators must conduct themselves appropriately and must be accountable for their actions and expectations. The ability to deal effectively with other people and accomplish work through others would always be a fundamental ingredient in the administrative process.
- ItemAntecedents of statistics anxiety in a higher education system(Academic Affairs Directorate, Kampala International University (KIU), Uganda, East Africa Institute for Social Research, KIU, 2017-08) Mwebesa, Edson; Sumil, Novembrieta; Hassan, Abdulle Hassan; Cephus, DiggsAs more empirical data existed in higher education environment, along with it were simple to complex tools such as statistical concepts and analyses that enabled the translations of the data to bring about a better educational system. A rising challenge therefore in universities reflected a scenario on data integration, institutional metrics and higher education analytics not in the pedestal of productive interpretation and utilization. Contributory to the ability of making sense with empirical data necessary for a proactive and successful delivery of education would be the element of good statistics background. This study contended that learning statistics and its rudiments were perceived as complicated and difficult as compared to some other courses offered at university level. Further, this investigation contested the existence of statics anxiety among postgraduate students in an in-site university setting. The data from randomly selected 136 postgraduate students (Kampala International University, Uganda) referring to dispositional (procrastination and perfectionism) and environmental antecedents (gender) and statistics anxiety were scientifically elicited, processed and analyzed utilizing the quantitative-post positivist’s research paradigm model. The findings revealed (1) a positive but insignificant relationship between academic procrastination and statistics anxiety; (2) a significant negative relationship between perfectionism and statistics anxiety; and (3) differences in statistics anxiety between the female and male students existed. Notably from the results then, academic procrastination did not significantly affect the students’ statistics anxiety; the students with higher levels of perfectionism tended to have lower levels of statistics anxiety while the levels of statistics anxiety among the female students were slightly higher than that of the male students.
- ItemAntecedents of statistics anxiety in a higher education system(Department of Economics and Applied Statistics, College of Economics and Management Sciences, Kampala International University, 2018-08) Mwebesa, Edson; Sumil, Novembrieta; Musinguzi, DansonThis study contended that learning statistics and its rudiments were perceived as complicated compared to some other courses offered at the university level. Further, this investigation contested the existence of statistics anxiety among postgraduate students in an in-site university setting. Relationships and differences were determined in this study utilizing the constructs of antecedents of statistics anxiety namely academic procrastination, perfectionism, and gender. The objectives were (1) to establish the relationship between academic procrastination and statistics anxiety; (2) to find out the relationship between perfectionism and statistics anxiety; and (3) to investigate the differences between gender and statistics anxiety. The data from randomly selected 136 postgrad students (Kampala International University, Uganda) referring to dispositional (procrastination and perfectionism) and environmental antecedents (gender) and statistics anxiety were scientifically elicited, processed and analyzed utilizing the quantitativepost positivist’s research paradigm model. The findings revealed a positive but insignificant relationship between academic procrastination and statistics anxiety; a significant adverse correlation between perfectionism and statistics anxiety; an insignificant positive correlation existed between gender and statistics anxiety, and differences in statistics anxiety between the female and male students existed. Notably from the results then, academic procrastination did not significantly affect the students’ statistics anxiety; the students with higher levels of perfectionism tended to have lower levels of statistics anxiety while the levels of statistics anxiety among the female students were slightly greater than that of the male students.
- ItemBenchmarking as a Component of Governance in Greater Bushenyi Districts, Western Uganda;approved for oral presentation: Bugema International Multi-Disciplinary Conference, September 28-29, 201(Kampala International University, 2015) Byabashaija, Deusdedit; Sumil, Novembrieta; Nakimuli, Amina; Matovu, SwalehThis investigation examined the relationship between benchmarking and human resource recruitment process (HRRP) of Greater Bushenyi Districts Local Government (GBDLG). The study was anchored on the institutional theory developed by Scott (2004). This theory is relevant to the conference theme, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in that it highlighted one component of MDGs which is governance. Institutional theorists assert that the institutional environment can strongly influence the development of formal structures in any organization for good governance. Using the mixed explanatory method (quantitative and qualitative), a researcher generated questionnaire and an interview schedule were used to gather data from 377 participants out of 6,488 target population. The contribution of benchmarking to human resource recruitment process was satisfactory. It was concluded that benchmarking positively and significantly influences HRRP for good governance. For countries, to survive in this competitive world, benchmarking must be practiced as a must so that they can be able to borrow a leaf from the best practices of other countries for good governance.
- ItemBeyond the fundamental precepts on social responsibility: the minds-on hearts-on and hands-on learning engagements of Kampala International University;Towards employability of graduates in higher education system Institute for Social Research, Kampala International University(Kampala International University. Institute for Social Research, 2016) Sumil, NovembrietaWe make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give” (Winston Churchill). “We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future” (Franklin Delano Roosevelt). On September 28-29, 2015 at the Iddi Bassajabalaba Memorial Library, Kampala International University (KIU), Uganda, East Africa, I opened the First In-House Research Forum with these two striking principles. Their inclusion, passionately expressed by the opening speaker, introduced the fundamental precepts on social responsibility as the theme of the forum.
- ItemBusiness efficiency in Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs) in selected districts in western Uganda.(IISTE, 2013) Turyahebwa, Abanis; Sunday, A. B.; Aluonzi, Eliab; Yahaya, B.; Sumil, NovembrietaThe study was undertaken to determine the level of business efficiency in Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs) in selected districts in Western Uganda. The study was guided by the following objectives; to determine the level of business efficiency of SMEs in terms of, profitability, growth; The study employed ex-post facto or retrospective and prospective designs together with descriptive design and descriptive comparative as well as correlation design. 335 questionnaires were distributed to respondents and were collected and used for analysis. The study found out that majority of SMEs owners (52%) in western Uganda are female, more than 69% of the SMEs owners are in their early adult hood and majority of the SMEs owners are high school leavers (30.1%), over 50% of the SMEs are sole proprietorship businesses and majority of the SMEs (42.4%) have been in business between 1-4 years. The study found out that the level of profitability among SMEs was high (Average Mean = 2.67), the results also showed that the level of growth in SMEs is low (Average Mean=2.30). The overall findings showed that the level of business efficiency is low among SMEs (Average Mean = 2.48). The study employed the theory of Pecking Order (Myers 1984) which states that Management has a preference to choose internal financing before external financing, was proven in this study in the aspects of SMEs using internally generated funds as compared to borrowed funds. The recommendations from the study included; The SMEs owners should try to maximise and put to use their assets so as to obtain higher returns on assets. The government, more specifically the Ministry of East African Affairs, URA should sensitize the owners of SMEs on the opportunities that are available in the EAC and how the SMEs can be able to export their products to the neighbouring countries so as to boost their turnover. The owners of SMEs should have sales team in place so as to market the products and services of the business in order to increase sales. The SMEs owners should also make sure that business plans are prepared so as to act as a road map on how to take the business to the next level.
- ItemBusiness Process: Design, Development and Implementation of an E-Procurement and Supply Management System at Kampala International University(International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE), 2015) Alone, Kimwise Dr; Sumil, Novembrieta; Ssenyonga, Taddeo Dr.The general objective of this study was to design, develop and implement Proposed E-Procurement and Supply Management System (PEPSMS) at Kampala international University. The specific objectives were to: (i) examine the level of assessment of the Existing Procurement and Supply Management System (EPSMS) by users in regard to business process. (ii) to determine the level of assessment by the “users” of the PEPSMS after implementation in terms of business process. (iii)) to establish whether there is a significant difference in the level of assessment between the existing procurement and supply management system and the PEPSMS in terms of business process. Quasi-experimental design (assessment of the EPSMS) - post test design (after the implementation of the PEPSMS) was used on a total sample of 29 respondents and t-sample test was used to test the null hypothesis. Findings show that, the level of assessment of the existing procurement and Supply Management System (EPSMS) by the respondents was fair in terms of business process. Further more there was a significant difference in level of assessment of the EPSMS and the PEPSMS before and after implementation. However, the researcher recommends that KIU provides opportunities to its staff members who had low ICT knowledge to go for further training as revealed by the study; and full support by management of KIU should be accorded to the PEPSMS because with out it, sustainability of the system will not be realized Keywords: Existing procurement and Supply Management System (EPSMS),Proposed E-Procurement and Supply Management System (PEPSMS), Business Process.
- ItemChallenges from Language Shift: Advocating Intercultural Dialogue as a Commitment Principle for the Millennium Development Goals;approved for oral presentation: Bugema International Multi-Disciplinary Conference, September 28-29, 2015.(Kampala International University, 2015) Asingwire, Richard; Sumil, Novembrieta; Tindi, Seje Nuru; Nakimuli, Amina; Nyonsima, EliezerEmanating from language shift would be challenges such as involvement in intercultural dialogue on local and global angles. In intercultural dialogue there are open interactions between individuals from different cultural backgrounds that bring about understanding each other’s world views, similarities and differences. Intercultural dialogue then is part of the commitments of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations and the United Nations Academic Impact in support of the Millennium Development Goals. For reasons of socio-economic progress, Rwanda had shifted from French to advocating the English language said to be the universal medium of communication. Anchored on such direction, this study embarked on investigating empirically the effects of the English language as a medium of instruction in selected institutions of higher learning in Rwanda. The findings showed that the learners’ performance in the English language needed to be effectively implemented in the process of learning.
- ItemChild Soldier Scenario and Children’s Protection Within Armed Conflicts: A Positivist’s View(Academic Affairs Directorate, Kampala International University (KIU), Uganda, East Africa Institute for Social Research, KIU, 2017-08) Cephus, Diggs; Sumil, Novembrieta; Otanga, Rusoke; Sumil, Manuel; Hassan, Abdulle Hassan; Mwebesa, EdsonThis study underscored a positivist’s philosophical stand referring to the status of children as soldiers and children’s protection within armed conflict situations from 2013 in Juba, Central Equatoria State, South Sudan utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data and retrospective-prospective designs as research strategies. The quantitative data on child soldier scenario and children’s protection within the armed conflict zones from 362 respondents (20-39 years of age) who had lived in Juba for over 7 years were elicited using validated and tested for reliability researcher structured questionnaires with open and close-ended questions. Record sheets reflected qualitative data from incident reports. The collection of data was matched with follow-up interviews and document analysis. The study employed three sampling techniques namely: stratified sampling, purposive sampling and simple random sampling. The responses on child soldier scenario were in these aspects: under the age of 10 when forced to serve as soldiers; the children volunteered themselves because of societal pressure and were under the impression that volunteering will provide a form of income, food, or security; child soldier recruitment breaking several human rights laws; poor and displaced from their families child soldiers had limited access to education and girl child soldiers were used for fighting and other purposes and were vulnerable to sexual violence. While the data on children’s protection conspicuously were in these concerns: accommodation, reintegration strategy, legal aspect, parental care and family life, health facilities and forced marriage. The findings implied peace and conflict resolutions by the relevant peace experts and security contingents.
- ItemDriving forces for change management in selected higher education institutions(HEI's) of learning in central Uganda, East Africa: a meta- analysis (Accepted and approved for oral presentation at the 2015 Fall Global Mindset on Leadership and Management Conference, September 11-13, 2015, Los Angeles, California, USA)(2015) Sumil, Novembrieta; Sumil, Manuel O.; Kibuuka, Muhammad T.; Tusiime, AdellaUtilizing the meta-analysis process by Cooper and Hedges (1994b:3-14), change management directions were drawn from 132 empirical studies, systematically analyzed, sorted out for these similar characteristics: evident change issues; descriptive explanatory research designs; scientific computation of sample sizes; university academic managers, teaching staff and students as respondents; private and public universities as research settings, purposive and random sampling procedures, four point scale questionnaires, findings in item analysis, with means and ranks. The means and t-test for significant differences were utilized for the new analyses from the various studies. The findings revealed driving forces for change management related to organizational culture (from highest to lowest in rank: workplace culture, managerial deportment, institutional capacity, institutional efficiency, leadership styles, emotional intelligence, conflict management, administrative strategies, educational efficiency, administrative behavior) and functional processes (from highest to lowest in rank: students’ unrest, motivation tools, human resources management practices, academic achievement and social behavior of university students, educational services, academic performance of staff, work productivity, learning environment). The two change drivers (Organizational Culture and Functional Processes) did not significantly differ among the studied institutions implying that the managers of universities should be able to reengineer their systems based on the above driving forces for change management in a tactful and organized manner (planning, implementation, evaluation).
- ItemEconomics of Tuition Fees: Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Differentiated Tuition Fee System in Selected Ugandan Universities;approved for oral presentation: Bugema International Multi-Disciplinary Conference, September 28-29, 2015.(Kampala International University, 2015) Sumil, Novembrieta; Kibuuka, Muhammad; Sumil, Manuel; Muhanguzi, Kibs; Mwebesa, Edson; Katushabe, ScoviaThe post millennium development (sustainable development) goals are a long term strategic plan by the United Nations’ member governments meant to ensure improved human development. Human development, the main sustainable development goal can emanate from product differentiation. Access to education is a sustainable development strategy that can improve quality of life. A differentiated tuition fee system is thought to be one of the approaches to improve people’s quality of life. Anchored on the monopolistic price discrimination theory (third degree), this paper examined the costs and benefits derived from a differentiated tuition fee system in selected Ugandan universities. To achieve this, a descriptive correlation approach and mixed explanatory designs (quantitative and qualitative) were adopted. The study found tuition fee differentiation system to have a significant correlation with benefits accrued and an insignificant correlation with costs involved.
- ItemEffectiveness of a proposed system design on academic management of Kampala International University: design, development and implementation(International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE), 2013) Mubaraka, Conrad M; Ssenyonga, Taddeo Dr.; Sumil, NovembrietaThis study aimed at answering questions concerning the significant effect of the proposed system design on the academic management of KIU in terms of upportability, reliability, maintainability and availability. Using a quasi-experimental design on a total sample of 750 respondents (i.e. the Users, Academic Staff and Students) and t-sample test, the study revealed that there was a significant effect by the proposed design on the academic management system. The study thus recommends that all stakeholders should be trained to interact and use it which will save a lot of time for the students, academic staff and university branches in processing academic data
- ItemEmpirical data set on parenting styles:link with post millennium development goals’ global development agenda(International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research/IJSBAR, 2015) Sumil, Manuel; Sumil, Manuel Ray; Kibuuka, Muhammad; Sumil, Novembrieta; Nuwagira, Adoniya; Nakimuli, Amina; Byabashaija, Deusdedit; Katushabe, Scovia; Mwebesai, Edson; Kyeyune, KiraboThis study explored the field of parenting to generate empirical data and how it can be linked to post millennium development goals’ global development agenda in the angles of responsible parenthood and teachers’ role in the classroom. The data were elicited through the ex post facto and prospective designs on specific type of parenting style under the parenting dimensions the father and mother were practicing as experienced by 322 students selected through purposive sampling and stratified random sampling by proportional allocation from multisite nursing schools in Cebu City, Philippines. The findings of the study revealed as follows: (1) the parents practiced a combination of the three parenting styles namely, authoritative, authoritarian and permissive; (2) the indifferent style was less experienced by the respondents; (3) the authoritative style of parenting appeared to be the most dominant.
- ItemEvidence-based insights linked to the millennium development goals(GRIN Verlag, 2015) Sumil, NovembrietaThe book contains 7 articles of academic staff, peer reviewed by Bugema International Multidisciplinary Research Conference slated on September 28-29, 2015. The conference was cancelled. The authors decided too disseminate the findings as the MDGs are coming to completion this September 2015. Evidence based data are needed to evaluate the past MDGs and to contribute for the next Sustainable Development Goals Agenda that will continue the 2000 MDGs direction.
- ItemFinancial growth and bureaucratic structures of international businesses in banks of Uganda.(Global Institute for Research and Education, 2013) Kirabo, Kyeyune Bounty Joseph; Kabir, Haruna; Sumil, NovembrietaThis study investigated the levels of financial growth and bureaucratic structures of international business in some selected banks in Uganda. Specifically the study pursued to (i) determine the demographic profiles of the respondents in terms of gender, age, education qualifications, location of banks, position held in the bank and years of service;(ii) to determine the level of financial growth in the selected international banks.(iii) to determine the level of bureaucratic structures in the selected international banks in the study (iv) to establish whether there is a significant difference in the level of financial growth and the level of bureaucratic structures in the international banks and (v) to establish whether there is a significant relationship between financial growth and bureaucratic structures in international banks. Adopting descriptive, comparative, correlational and cross-sectional strategies, data were collected from 108 top corporate and middle managers using self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) as the main data collection instruments. Data were analyzed using frequency counts and summary statistics, student’s t-test, ANOVA, linear correlation co-efficient analysis and Regression Analysis. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents managers (95.4%) have offices in Kampala, (65.8%) serve banks whose existence is not beyond 20 years, (91.7%) are university graduates, 70.4% were in the early adulthood age, (52.8%) were males, (58.3%) were middle managers and (79.6%) had served their banks between 1-10 years. Financial growth had a mean of (2.70). There was a significant relationship between the level of financial growth and bureaucratic structures (Sig. = 0.000). There was no significant difference between male and female views on bureaucratic structures. It was found that financial growth had no significant influence on bureaucratic structures (Sig.=0.607). It was concluded that financial growth had a significant effect on bureaucratic structures. It is strongly recommended that banks should step up their trading of government securities and bonds. They should also advantageously utilize debt capital.
- ItemFinancial performance in the selected micro-finance institutions in Uganda(ESRSA Publications Pvt ltd, 2010) Sunday, Arthur; Turyahebwa, Abanis; Sumil, Novembrieta; Byamukama, EliabThis study was undertaken to examine the degree of financial performance in the selected Microfinance institutions central region, Uganda. The ex- post facto or retrospective, prospective designs and descriptive survey design, and specifically descriptive comparative and descriptive correlation strategies were employed. A minimum sample of 266 was used in data collection and analysis. Data was analysed using means and t-test. The findings revealed that the degree of financial performance in the microfinance institutions in central region Uganda is high with an overall average mean of 3.09 this implies that that most financial institutions in Uganda are financially sound. The contingency theory by Joan Wood wards (1958) as cited and explained by Simons‟ (1995) levers of management system control model was authenticated and validated. The conclusion was drawn that the degree of financial performance in the microfinance institutions in central region Uganda was generally high and it was recommended that Microfinance institutions should enhance financial reporting framework to improve on the liquidity position, improve assets value, market share, financial sustainability as well as portfolio quality.
- ItemGrowth and internationalization of small enterprises in Kampala district, Uganda(2012) Olutayo, Osunsan K; Sumil, NovembrietaThis study was undertaken at the end of 2011 to examine the levels of growth and internationalization in selected Small business enterprises (SBE) in Kampala district, Uganda. To test the null hypotheses of: (i) no significant difference in the level of growth and internationalization between age of SBE; (ii) no significant difference in the level of growth and internationalization between types industry/sector of SBE; (iii) no significant relationship between the level of growth and internationalization of selected SBE; To authenticate information within the context of the theory to which this study is based. Using a quantitative, ex post facto, descriptive correlational and cross-sectional survey design; the data was analyzed using t-test, Linear Regression, ANOVA and Pearson’s methods as were called for. The findings revealed there was a high level of growth and very low level of internationalization; (i) there was no significant difference in levels of growth between age of SBE, while there was a significant difference in level of internationalization between age of SBE;(ii) there was also a significant difference in the level of growth and internationalization between types of industry of SBE; (iii) there was a significant negative relationship between level of growth and internationalization. The Network Theory of Internationalization by Johanson and Mattsson (1988) was authenticated. Conclusion was drawn that level of internationalization was generally low and it was recommended that entrepreneurs should incorporate internationalization in their businesses plan and strategic goal/vision; and that policies and information should be facilitated by government and agencies to encourage internationalization and to reduced the perception of its complexity at least within the East African region and finally the global market.
- ItemInnovative teaching-learning at postgraduate level: An advocacy, a creative pedagogy package from actual experience and experimentation(GRIN Verlag, 2015) Sumil, NovembrietaEach educator has his/her strengths and preferences when managing a classroom scenario. Ideally, an effective educator should possess a variety of teaching techniques to accommodate students’ learning needs. There may not be one single best approach to teaching as there is more need for flexible teaching approaches. The prevailing scenario in the educational arena nowadays is where the teacher is no longer an authoritative figure in the students’ learning but rather an enabler. Organizing a course into meaningful bits of activities, situations and experiences will be better absorbed and lasts indefinitely in every learner’s academic life. Further, in this context, the course is taught better and the students learn more if the students themselves are involved in their learning. Innovative teaching-learning addresses the challenge of a paradigm shift from the traditional and conservative ways towards creating an educational climate for the learners to take more responsibility of their own learning in an academic environment where they find more meaning. Creative pedagogy is innovative art of teaching categorized as theatre based that greatly involves the student in his learning to develop him into a self-reliant, responsible, critically minded and creative character or actor in the theatre of learning. At the forefront are approaches that provide learning materials, situations, activities and experiences to enable the learners to acquire knowledge, attitude, values, habits, skills in critical thinking, decision-making, self-direction, self-reliance, mechanical manipulation and bodily movement. This book
- ItemJob related extrinsic facets in an in-site academic workplace:an empirical view on the theories of Herzberg’s hygiene factors and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs :presented at the Canadian International Conference on Advances in Computer Science, Humanities and Education, April 1-2, 2015, Dubai, UAE)(2015) Sumil, Novembrieta; Sumil, Manuel; Sumil, Manuel Paul; Sigue, Tabitha; Sigue, MarceloThis investigation highlighted analyses of the empirical findings from a case study in an academic workplace. The evidence-based data on job related extrinsic facets or Herzberg’s hygiene factors were elicited specifically on school policy and administration, salary, job security, work condition, status/position and relationship with superiors from a scientifically computed sample size of 94 faculty members. These qualified respondents were selected through stratified random sampling by proportional allocation. The findings of the study revealed the following: the teacher respondents were not dissatisfied with the hygiene factors on status, work conditions and relationship with superiors while they were dissatisfied with the factors on school policy and administration, salary and job security. The empirical findings on the hygiene factors were interconnected with Maslow’s lower order needs however, there were some indices within the hygiene factors of status, work conditions, relationship with superiors, school policy and administration that were motivators linked with the higher order needs of Maslow. An executive development program was accentuated in this study to address the causes of dissatisfaction and illuminate insights into aspects to which managers can improve the motivation and satisfaction of their employees.
- ItemLiteracy status before and after the multi-pronged outreach approach of Bugema University in Kalagala county, Luwero District, Uganda presented at the International Conference on Innovation in Social Science, Literature and Education, June 1-3, 2015, Dubai, UAE(2015) Sigue, Marcelo; Sigue, Tabitha; Sumil, Novembrieta; Sumil, ManuelLiteracy status from 150 residents of Kalagala County were collected using a researcher devised research tool, tested scientifically for validity and reliability. The findings revealed that the multi-pronged approaches consisting of health information campaign, lectures on hygiene and sanitation, food workshops, health education seminars, physical interaction of the residents with health professionals decreased malnutrition, maternal and infant mortality rate shaped the residents’ beliefs towards preparing nutritious foods, healthy way of life and enhancement of social interactions.