School of Natural and Applied Science

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Pastoralism and rangeland degradation: a case of Kabungo Parish, Ntungamo District
(Kampala International University, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2007-10) Orishaba, Ammon R.
A study of pastoralism and the range land degradation was carried out in Kabungo parish, Ntungamo district. The main variables considered included the pastoralism activities, the problems of pastoralism on the range land, what can be done to minimize these problems in the area and the way forward through suggested recommendations to control the degradation of the range land. A general survey research design was used in carrying out the study. Instruments of data collection included questionnaires, interview guides, photography and observation check lists. Results revealed that major pastoral activities included: grazing of the cattle, pasture management, animal treatment, watering of animals, cattle breeding, and the marketing of cattle and cattle products. The problems of these pastoral activities on range land were evidenced on the vegetation through its type, value, preference, stable height, and trends. On soils, loss of fertility and erosion were considered, while availability and quality were for water resource. Cattle, as components of environment, their productivity, condition and fertility were based on, to determine the range land degradation. The study also found out that bush burning; having many watering points, grazing animals up to the water points, regular draining and de-silting of the wells, addition of the rock salt to water, early weaning of calves, cutting of tails and the extension services were major range land management strategies applied in the area. From the above, it was concluded that though the degradation of rangeland environment can be natural through sheet erosion by wind and water on hill sides and prolonged drought, human pastoralist activities play a major role. The recommendations include: destocking, introduction of improved cattle breeds, rotating night kraals, provision of extension services, provision of credit facilities, record keeping and the implementation of Cattle Grazing Act (196.
Effects of Population Growth and Urban Development on Wetlands in Kampala City: A Case of Kansanga Wetland
(Kampala International University, Master Of Science in Environmental Management and Development, 2008-10) Kwesiga, Maximus
This study on the "Effects of population growth and urban development on the Kansanga wetland" aimed to determine the historical trends of population growth rate and urban development of Kampala, determine the integrity of Kansanga wetland for the past 10 to 15 years, establish the activities of the population and how they affect the wetland, and analysed the effects of population growth and urban development on the wetland. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used where 84 respondents were sampled in the study which included KCC officials, the wetland occupants, NEMA officials and the area district environmental officer. Out of the 84 only 46 respondents returned filled questionnaires and 20 were interviewed making a total of 66 respondents. The findings indicate that Kansanga wetland is highly encroached by the increasing population of Kampala City, urban development and urban human activities as the major threats to Kansanga wetland, greatly affecting the wetland's size, biodiversity, integrity and productivity. The study findings confirmed the disappearance of some of the species that formally existed in this wetland which included the sitatunga and the Typha sp (cat tails).The size of the wetland was also found to have been modified by 88% compared to 58% by NBS (2000) and the estimated current size under intact wetland vegetation is only 0.54 km2 out of 4.54 km2 of the original size. Among the major recommendations were that the government, NEMA, the lead or responsible ministry and other private conservation organisations should purchase plots from the wetland from the landlords who got leases before the Constitution (1995) and establish the entire wetland as wildlife refuge, sanctuary, or special conservation area. This will preserve the wetland in its natural state and protect it from destructive human development activities. Decentralization of services to overcome the rural urban migration and promotion of contraceptive use to check the population growth among others. This can be done through the enactment and implementation of policies and laws, which address the issues revealed through this study.
Hospital solid waste management systems and practices at University Teaching Hospital Of Kigali (Chuk), Rwanda:
(Kampala International University, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2010-09) Mahoro, Justin
This study investigated hospital solid waste management systems and practices at University teaching hospital of Kigali (CHUK) for improving environmental management by promoting the safe and appropriate management of waste from hospitals. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies was used to record necessary information. Data were analyzed with SPAS version 18.0 statistical software. Student test and chi-squared tests were mainly applied to assess the data The results of this study revealed that CHUK produced two types of waste: Infectious waste (Sharp &Non-Sharp) and Non-Infectious waste, which have been categorized into two classes by considering its bio-characteristics; Biodegradable waste and Non Biodegradable waste. Results gave an overall average weight of 429 kg/day of Non- Biodegradable waste generated at CHUK. Our study showed that there was no clear policy and plan in place for managing hospital waste at CHUK. Segregation of hospital solid is not conducted according to definite rules and standards. The hospital does not label infectious waste with Bio hazard symbol. The questionnaire survey revealed that there are two treatment and disposal options for treated HCW; the incineration was the main method for the On-site treatment of all combustible waste and off-site landfill is the remaining option for treatment of all Biodegradable waste Survey had indicated that CHUK provides protective gears and training to all personnel who are engaged in HCW management. Despite of the provision of protective gear, some concerns were reported include injuries from needles stick, sickness and inappropriate bins and improper incineration practice. In the light of the above observations made, a number of recommendations are hereby made with the hope of improving the management of hospital waste in Rwandan hospitals in general and University Teaching Hospital of Kigali in particular
Impact of soil erosion on the Rugezi wetland environment in Northern Rwanda
(Kampala International University, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2010-09) Dukuziyaturemye, Pierre
There is nothing in the whole of nature which is more important than or deserves as much attention as the soil. Truly it is the soil that makes the world a friendly environment for mankind. It is the soil which nourishes and provides for the whole of nature; the whole of creation depends on the soil which is the ultimate foundation of our existence Soil erosion removes valuable top soil which is the most productive part of the soil profile. This results in lower yields and higher costs of production. Accelerated erosion and excess runoff are connected with deforestation of fragile zones, denudation and compaction of soil through overgrazing, exhaustion of soil through intensive cropping without compensation from applications of organic matter and nutrients. The soil that is detached by accelerated water or wind erosion may be transported considerable distances. This gi~ies rise to ‘off-site problems’. Water erosion’s main off-site effect is the movement of sediment and agricultural pollutants into water courses. This can lead to the silting-up of dams, disruption of the ecosystems of lakes, wetlands and contamination of drinking water, In some cases, increased downstream flooding may also occur due to the reduced capacity of eroded soil to absorb water, The overall objective of the study was to assess the impact of soil erosion on Rugezi wetland environment, To achieve this objective and answer the research questions, questionnaires, interviews, photography and observation check lists were employed to collect data. These were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Results show that the major causes of soil erosion in the study area are related to human population activities such as deforestation, political economy explained by reduction of landholding size and the extension of agriculture into marginal areas, Technology and culture also cause soil erosion because farmers use traditional methods in agriculture without crop rotation. None used tractors and other agricultural machinery due to the relief of the area, The study also found out that the sediments carried away by erosion have impact on wetland functions; these impacts affected transport, the socio economics environment, culture, hydrology and ecology. V Finally, it was observed that the activities of local communities in the wetland, their awareness on wetland management and their participation in wetland protection, explain their attitudes towards wetland management. Because the wetland is misused, the recommendations are addressed to the policy makers, to the administrators, and to the local community.
Human waste management in selected prisons in Rwanda
(Kampala International University, School of Natural and Applied Science, 2011-08) Patrick, René Mwimanzi
Human waste disposal has become a daunting task for the prisons’ authorities in Rwanda who seem to lack the capacity to tackle the mounting human waste situation due to the high prison population density. This study was carried out to analyze and understand the situation of human waste management in selected prisons of Kimironko and Muhanga. The main objectives of the study were: to establish the status of human waste management in prisons, investigate health effects related to improper human waste management and establish ways employed to improve human waste disposal in selected prisons. For the empirical study, a mixed materials and methods were used which combined questionnaires, interviews of all people involved in human waste management in selected prisons, together with observations, photographs, and review of related literature to examine the issue of human waste management in selected prisons. The key issues identified by the study include: that the selected prisons are experiencing the poor human waste management because of the prisons overcrowded and small number of disposal systems present in the selected prisons (toilets, latrines). That while, a number of infectious diseases (diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, dysentery) and environmental nuisances (drinking water pollution, food chain contamination, air and soil pollution), associated to that problem have been identified. Based on these findings, it has been observed that the solution to the issue of human waste management problem in selected prisons lies in the prioritization of implementing biogas plants, but also in human waste compost that need more research before it should be adopted.
Community participation in enhancing climate change adaptation strategies in Koboko District Uganda
(Kampala International University. School of Natural and Applied Science, 2012-02) Ayume, Ramadhan Alahayyi
The research study was about community participation in enhancing climate change adaptation strategies in Koboko District Uganda. The main objective was to asses’ community participation in enhancing adaptation strategies to climate change in Koboko District.
Assessment of Wastewater Quality in Nyabugogo Stream; Kigali-Rwanda
(Kampala International University, Master’s Degree of Environmental Management and Development, 2012-04) Bonane Bahati, Serge
The study assessed the characteristics of wastewater of Nyabugogo stream highlighting on their sources and the nature of contaminants they constitute as Chemical and Physio-chemical. It was anticipated that the water in the stream had high levels of both solid and liquid contaminants originating from domestic and industrial activities and wastewater discharges into the stream. The objectives of the study were to assess the nature of contaminants in the wastewater discharged into Nyabugogo stream and to identify the composition of contaminants by chemical and physio-chemical characteristics. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative experimental designs to arrive at the results. Water samples from four sites along Nyabugogo stream through Kigali city were collected in well illuminated containers and taken to Energy and Water Sanitation Authority (EWSA) laboratory for analyses. At the sites, many reactive were done directly on the stream waster using conductivimeter and thermometer to determine Electrical Conductivity, Temperature and pH respectively. The results of the study were analyzed using Stata version 8.0 and Pearson correlation coefficient was complicated to establish the relationship between metal concentration and physico chemical characteristics. The results showed that a lot of water contaminants such as Copper, Magnesium, Iron, Potassium, Calcium, Nickel, Chloride, Sulphate, and Zinc were contained in the wastewater and once they reach the stream, the characteristics of the stream water change. Thus the stream water constituted contaminants from both domestic and industrial/commercial origins
The effects of growing rice in wetlands: A case study of Lumbuye Wetland, Iganga District, Uganda.
(Kampala International University, College of Economics and Management Sciences, 2012-08) Mukebezi, Ronald
The research was carried out in order to assess the effects of growing rice in the wetland, using Lumbuye Wetland, Iganga District as a case study. The study objectively sought; to find out the factors influencing farmers to grow rice in the Wetland and to establish the solutions to the negative effects of growing rice in the Wetland. Some important aspects were reviewed about the effects of growing rice in the wetland. This chapter revealed the theoretical perspective and the conceptual perspective and related literature while identifying the knowledgeable gaps. Data was collected using methods such as interviewing, questionnaires, observation, reliability and validity, procedure for data collection and lastly data analysis and presentation interview results were coded in SPPS for better analysis. The study findings revealed that Wetlands provide the basic means of survival to the majority of the households in Lumbuye Wetland. There are a number of wetland resource conflicts that impede conservation efforts. The level of awareness about the importance of wetland conservation is slowly growing but is not yet adequate. The findings, conclusions and recommendations from the field study were also presented such as; there is evidence to indicate that Uganda's history in wetland management particularly Lumbuye Wetland, Iganga district has not been without key milestones. It was recommended here that Intensify awareness creation, By-law formulation, Need for assessment, Popularize and enforces Environmental Impact Assessment, Advice on wetland-based ecologically friendly enterprises, and Factor in rural poverty, Need for Information packaging.
Assessment of Portable Water Quality in Kumi Town Council, Eastern Uganda.
(Kampala International University, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2012-10) Omuna, Daniel
The study was conducted in Kumi town council in Eastern Uganda. The study was experimental in nature geared towards determining physico-chemical, chemical and biological parameters of protected springs and borehole water, establish recommendation on how the communities in Kumi town Council can cope with the level of physicochemical, chemical and biological parameters of the water they consume. The water samples were collected twice from the sampled sources in the months of February 2012 and April 2012.
Management of community water sources and the supply of safe domestic water use in Gardo district, Somalia
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2013-07) Mohamed Warsame, Ainab
This dissertation is entitled "Management of community water sources and the supply of safe domestic water". It is presented as a result of a research that was carried out in Gardo district, in Somalia. The study was carried out basing on three specific objectives, i.e.; to establish access domestic water sources in Gardo district; to establish the challenges faced by local community in methods of getting safe domestic water; and to examine the relationship between management of water sources and the supply of safe domestic water to households in Gardo district. The study was in form of a descriptive and comparative survey design, to describe and analyze the condition of the areas being studied as it was at the time. The study population comprised of 170 people from which a study sample of 120 respondents was chosen, using simple random and purposive sampling methods. Questionnaires were used in collecting both primary and secondary data. The collected data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of the study revealed that the main sources of water in Gardo district were; boreholes, piped water taps, shallow wells and rain water, in their order of significance. Also that the challenges of safe water supply included inadequate water supply, breakdown of the piped water system, inter-clan/tribal clashes over control of water sources, prolonged drought/irregular rains and water contamination. The findings indicated that there was a relationship between the management of water sources and the supply of safe domestic water in Gardo district, in Somalia. From the findings of the study, it was concluded that the management of water sources has a significant relationship with the supply of safe domestic water in households in Gardo district in Somalia. It was recommended that there should be proper sensitization of masses about the need for proper management of water sources, procure equipment and technical capacity to develop new water sources and rehabilitate old ones, encourage effective water utilization, and awareness among the people about securing water sources.
Urban solid waste management in Kigali City, Rwanda: a case of Gasabo District
(Kampala International University, College of Applied Sciences, 2013-11) Mpayimana, Protais
Assessment of community participation in sustainable management of Nyabugogo and Nyabarongo wetlands, Kigali city
(Kampala International University, School of Natural and applied siences, 2013-11) Solve, Byukusenge
This study evaluated the extent of community participation in sustainable wetland management in Kigali City. The aim of the study was to establish the contribution of different stakeholders in sustainable wetland management, to identify the use of indigenous knowledge in wetland management and public awareness of existing management system and practices. The study compared the difference between wetland sites with active community participation and wetland sites without community participation, in Kigali City, in assessing water quality by measuring selected physical, chemical and biological parameters in Nyabugogo and Nyabarongo wetlands. The parameters covered were Temperature, Electric Conductivity, pH, Turbidity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Ammonia, Phosphates, oil and grease, Sulfides, Lead, Chromium, Iron, Lead, Nickel, Zinc, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, Benzene and fecal coliforms. The water samples were collected, preserved and analyzed in the laboratory using standard methods. Water quality analysis revealed that both wetlands have different concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb), Phosphates, Ammonia, oil and grease. The survey results revealed that local people have traditional knowledge to conserve and use wetland resources, but indigenous knowledge have also limitations due to their beliefs and mindset that can lead to wetland degradation. Though farmers have sufficient knowledge on the causes and the potential solutions to overcome most constraints related to agricultural management, some local farmers invade wetlands during dry season using unsustainable practices for the growing of crops (use of agro-chemicals in vegetables). Farmers of highlands in northern part of Rwanda used traditional knowledge to predict rain season and drought through observing humidity in the pot-like dish inserted into the ground, water level increase in the pot indicate the onset of appropriate season for fanning. Wetlands of this region (Rugezi in Bulera district) are sources of major rivers and contain higher amount of vegetation. The drainage of these swamps may lead to drought in downstream or other forms of imbalance in the environment like increased erosion or disruption of the climate. Wetland sedges provide critical areas for livestock grazing, especially during the dry season. Raised beds for agri-pisciculture have been implemented and have proved to be sustainable and effective. Farmers use farmyard manure and compost to increase soil fertility, believe that chemical fertilizers decrease soil fertility and then match cropping systems with soil type.
Impact of Wastewater Discharge Activities on Water Quality of Mpazi River in Kigali-Rwanda
(Kampala International University, School of Natural and applied sciences, 2013-12) Adelphine, Mudashamagira
The study investigated the characteristics of the quality of water in Mpazi River, Kigali Rwanda, highlighting on their sources and the nature of contaminants they constitute. The objectives of the study were to assess the nature of contaminants in the wastewater discharged into Mpanzi River and establish Physio-chemical and bacteriological parameters in the catchment zones and along Mpazi River, Water samples in two seasons (1 in the wet season and 2 in the dry seasons) were collected and analyzed for Physio-chemical characteristics, heavy metals and bacteriological parameters. Samples were collected in 250 ml polyethylene bottles and taken to NUR laboratory for analyses. Temperature, pH, TDS, conductivity and Salinity were directly analyzed in situ using WTW Oxi 340i model meter kit. The results of the study were analyzed using stata version 8.0, SPSS version 16. Data analyses were done by determining Pearson correlations to establish inter-metal, physio-chemical and bacteriological associations to isolate sources of contaminants. It was established that the water in Mpazi River had high levels of suspended particulate contaminants, originating from domestic and industrial activities. The results also revealed that feacal coNforms, E coI4 Biological oxygen demand and heavy metals (Lead and Copper) contaminants were unsafe for human consumption since the pollutant loadings mentioned above were higher than the acceptable standards by REMA (2009) and WHO (2011) for surface water and WHO, 2006 for wastewater to be distharged into the environment. In conclusion, water in Mpazi River is polluted by the increasing discharges of waste waters from household, industries, garages, institutions and other organic pollutants that are disease causing pathogens like Escherichia co/i as well as heavy metals such as lead and copper. There is need for proper effluent and solid wastes treatment before discharge is made into the River,
Biogas production from organic solid wastes in Kampala City, Uganda
(Kampala International University,School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2013-12) Hussein, Garelnabi; Mohammed
Biogas refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Organic waste such as dead plant and animal materials, animal dung, and kitchen waste can be converted into biogas. The main objective of the study was to find out how biogas production process is well known by the local communities in Kampala, Uganda. The specific objectives were to find out the potential organic solid wastes used for biogas production, establish the benefits of using biogas as an alternative energy source, examine the factors affecting biogas generation from organic solid waste and also investigate the relationship between organic solid waste generation and biogas production. The methods used in the study are purposive and snowball sampling. The data collection instruments were the structured questionnaires and interview schedules. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists software. The Pearson’s chi-square was used to analyze the hypothesis “the relationship between the generation of organic solid wastes and biogas production.” The study found out that the most commonly used types or potential of organic solid waste for the production of biogas are animal wastes, followed by household wastes, crop residues and industrial waste at lowest level. The benefits of biogas production are: it saves time for women and children, it provides a low cost energy source, it is also a clean fuel, further reduces deforestation and forest encroachment, produces an effluent called bio-slurry which is an excellent organic fertilizer, and finally it reduces air and water pollution in that it does not emit large quantities of greenhouse gases. The most common factors affecting the production of biogas are: the high initial investment costs, a relatively high degree of maintenance efforts, the storage and disposal of the bio-slurry, high cost of collecting wastes, and finally the water supply which should be good and constant within reach for the digested. There is a very weak relationship between the factors affecting biogas production and organic solid wastes generated hence the hypothesis was accepted.
Organic matter fuel briquettes as an alternative to charcoal: an initiative for forest conservation
(Kampala International University, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2015-05) Mahoro, Gloria; Brenda
Biomass briquettes, made by compacting biomass waste, have a wide variety of uses from househoid to institutional and industrial fuels but have not been fully exploited as a fuel source in the past. The overall objective of this study was to generate information on organic biomass fuel briquettes that can be utilized as an alternative fuel to unsustainable wood charcoal in order to conserve Uganda’s forest resources. Questionnaires, face-to-face Interviews and experiñients were uàed to obtain data. Data analyses were done using SPSS version 16.0. Analyses induded descriptive statistics, multi-linear regressions, Spearman’s rank correlation coeffident, Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient, chi-square, cross-tabs, t-tests, one way ANOVA with PosthocLSDandtheTukeytest Data was collected on the different types of blomass briquettes commonly used by households in Kampala city and the raw materials from producers of briquettes. Results revealed that many households had not realized the potential benefits of briquettes use and technology adoption. The types df briquettes commonly used in Kampala included stick briquettes, honey comb, cylindrical, round and doughnut shaped. The majority of the households are still dependant on wood charcoal, gas and electricity which are expensive and un-reliable energy sources, yet the use of briquettes could reduce deforestation, minimize waste streams, reduce indoor air pollution, reduce odors and enhance local job creation. However, those households using briquettes decried the low level technologies available, lack of equipment for use in making their own and lack of well-trained or skilled personnel to aid in sensitization and waste separation trainings. Ninety three percent (93%) of the energy consumption in Uganda is still woodfuel (firewood and charcoal) and agricultural wastes. There is need to have systems-modeling to identify and find the best possible solution and strategies needed in implementing household biogas digesters in communities.
Refugee settlement areas and environmental degredation in Mogadishu, Somalia
(Kampala International University, 2015-06) Abdirashid, Artan Abdirahman
The study was based on the analysis of environmental degradation in refugee settlement areas in Mogadishu, Somalia
The role of community-based organizations (CBOs) in the conservation of National parks:a case study of volcanoes National Park (VNP) In Rwanda
(Kampala International University, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2015-06) Tuyiringire, Diogene
Protected Areas in Rwanda continue to face serious problems despite efforts made to conserve them. For example, Volcanoes National Park (VNP) since its creation in 1925 has reduced from 340 km2 to 160 km2 and continues to face threats. Community conservation was adopted in the conservation ofnational parks for ensuring the participation oflocal communities. The objective ofthis study was to assess participation of community based organizations, in the conservation ofVolcanoes National Park. Simple Random Sampling was used to selected sectors and districts. Purposive sampling orjudgmental sampling was used to determine the local leaders and Rwanda Development Board staff and non community based organization members. Stratified Random Sampling was used to identify the community based organizations to visit. In total, 96 questionnaires to community based organizations (CBOs) members, non- community based organizations members (non-CBOs), and 2 focus groups of discussions were used for data collection. Results revealed that activities through which local communities participate in park conservation differ between two community based organizations (CBOs) and non community based organizations (non-CBOs) involved in this study. In the CBOs, community activities concern reduction of crop raiding through the maintenance of buffalo wall; reduction of illegal activities and guarding crops, while in non-CBOs communities, they concern park conservation through joint patrols and information sharing. It has also been revealed that the increase or decrease in participation depends on costs and benefits available in each zone. Solving problems of both park and communities, and ensuring technical and financial capacity building of CBOs will lead to effective and efficient participation and sustainable conservation ofVolcanoes National Park (VNP). In all these interventions, emphasize will be put on the non-CBOs zone, as it was left behind the efforts ofboth conservation and development. The study ends up by giving recommendations for sustainable conservation of Volcanoes National Park as well as development of communities living adjacent to this park. They include mechanisms of reducing crop raiding and linkage between conservation and relative benefits. All stakeholders need to be involved in making decisions on conservation, development mechanisms and strategies of implementing them. Key words: community based organization, conservation and volcanoes national park
Prevalence of biompiialar Snails and associated Sujisjosoma Mansoni in Kabaka’s Lake, Kampala, Uganda
(Kampala International University, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2015-08) Abizarri, Tumu; Sabo
This study determined the presence ofBiomphalaria snails and associated Schistosoma mansoni in Kabaka ‘s lake, Kampala, Uganda. It was based on the followingobjectives, to compare the level of Biomphalaria snails among the selected sample sites and to determine the percentage infrcled snails with Schislosoma mansoni in Kabaka ‘s lake. The study was conducted from Kabaka ‘5 lake, Kampalci. The study area was divided in 12 sites and selection of the sites was purpo~ive only targeting the potential breeding habitats for snails. Snail sampling was conducted at weekly intervals. The researcher used both hand picking and scoop net to collect snail samples. All sample sites had an equal measurement 0110 sq meters. Biomphalaria snails collected from each sample site were examined by cercarial shedding method. Each snail was placed separately into a (500 ml) glass beaker filled with tap water. The beakers were then exposed to 30 minutes period ofnatural bright sun light to induce shedding of cercariae. Each snail was careftully observed after being placed in natural light. Infected snails shed cercariae within 30 minutes after being placed in natural light. The total number of in/Cc/ed snails that shed cercariae were recorded according to site code and those that did not shed cercariae also were recorded as not infected snails. Data was analyze using excel and SF55. J’he result indicated that there is no significance difference in the level ofBiomphalaria snails among the selected sample sites and 1 7.9% of Biomphalaria snails in this study were in/Ccied wi/h Schistosoma mansoni which confirm it is presence in the lake. In cone/usion, results from this study indicated that Schistosoma mansoni intermediate hosts are still present within the lake. The continued presence ofthese snail species is a proxy /br disease. However, the snails were spread across the shores ofthe lake. There/öre, this jose a public health threat to the community surround the lake and more especially those that are having direct contact with water in the lake. Finally, the researcher recommended cf/Cctive water treatment be/öre its usage
Impact of brick making on the Peri-urban environments: acase study of Mukono District
(Kampala International University, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2015-10) Suleiman, Zubair; Abdallahi
Rapidly changing conservation of pen-urban areas has great but unsustainable utilization of beneficial ecosystem by people that live in close proximity to the wetland ecosystem like the brick makers and fuel wood sellers. The study investigated the impact of brick making on the wetland ecosystem in Mukono district. The major objectives of the study were to generate information useful in promoting conservation of pen-urban ecosystems in Mukono District . The study also assessed the socio-econornic factors that influence the dependency of the people in the pen-urban area on brick making and wood selling in wetland. The data was collected between August 2014 to February 2015 by administering a structured questionnaire to 50 respondents that included brick makers, brick buyers, Local Council Executive. tree farmers and District Environmental Executives that were randomly selected.e. Several social economic factors such assistance from the wetland, age, land owner’s major income, level of education and the amount of fire wood used during the brick making process were analyzed. The results indicate that the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands require involvement the local communities are actively involved
A mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of malaria in eastern Uganda: a case study of Butaleja district
(Kampala International University, College of Economics & Management, 2016-05) Wakhata, Robert
A deterministic mathematical model for studying the transmission dynamics of malaria in Butaleja district was developed using ordinary differential equations (ODEs) where humans and mosquitoes interact and infect each other. The model has live non - linear differential equations with two state variables for mosquitoes (S and I,m ) and three state variables for humans (S~ I~ and A,~) The available literature on previous work in this area was reviewed.Susceptible humans (S, ) are infected when they are bitten by in infectious mosquitoes (Im ). They then progress through infectious and asymptomatic classes before re-entering susceptible class. Susceptible mosquitoes (Sm) become infected when they bite Infectious (1,) and Asymptomatic (A,,) humans. They move to infectious class but (10 not recover due to their short life span. Following ideas advanced by Ross. [Chapter 2] (ii]. the model can be applicable to other infectious diseases of humans such as yellow fever. typhoid. sleeping sickness, cholera etc: using specific model parameters. Model Analysis was clone, equilibrium points analyzed to establish their local and global stability. The important threshold in this re search called the basic reproduction number (R0) was obtained using the method of next—generation matrix to determine whether the (us— ease dies out or persists. The rule of thumb is that: the disease— free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if R0 < I and the endemic equilibrium exist provided that R0 > 1. Using parameter values, R0 for Butaleja district was found to be = 0.00000315 < i; an indication that malaria will be rolled out of the district after a certain period of time. Numerical simulations show that there is a strong positive relation ship between the number (proportion) of infected mosquitoes and infected humans in the same locality. Reducing the current rate of female anopheles mosquito bites could assist Butaleja district to achieve malaria free status by the year 2030 [26], [25]. Therefore. I recommend control methods such as ITNs and IRS the t increase mosquito death rate and reduce mosquito birth rate/mosquito bites, as well as treating asymptomatic hosts using ACTs. and IPT. Hence. the formulated model. provides a framework for studying and designing effective intervention strategies for prevention and control of malaria in the district.

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