Masters of Conflict Resolution and Peace Building - Main Campus

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Resolution of conflicts involving children: an evaluation of Nakuru law courts in Kenya;
(Kampala International University, College of Humanities and social sciences., 2000-10) Micheni Kagendo Wendy
In Kenya the enactment of the Children Act in 2001 was a milestone step towards resolution of Children-related disputes. The Children’s Act that was passed into law in March 2001 has several objectives. They include making provision for parental responsibility; adoption; fostering; maintenance and custody; guardianship; care and protection of children; to make provision or administration of children’s institutions and to give effect to the principles of the United Nations convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC). In effect, it covers almost all areas one is likely to come into conflict situations involving children. The establishment of the Children’s court in particular took the whole issue of resolving children-related disputes to a new level. However while the objectives of the legislation were noble, the best interest of the child is yet to be addressed, at least from the perspective of judicial implementation of the Act. This research sought to evaluate the extent to which the courts have been effective in protecting children in conflict situations. The study concentrated in Nakuru Law courts which have both a High court and Magistrates Courts legally mandated to handle children cases. Nakuru was chosen as it represents both urban and rural set up and covers a wide geographical area. The researcher adopted a case study design and used both purposive and random sampling methods. Structured questionnaires were prepared and distributed to the respondents comprising ofjudicial employees, advocates and other members of the public attending the Nakuru Children courts. In a nutshell, the findings show among other things that the legislation is inadequate, with 87.2% of the respondents pointing out parental responsibility to be the most difficult area. The study also reveals that the court forum. It is necessary to be flexible when addressing serious family problems and also to uphold legal principles. This unfortunately presents a unique challenge to children’s courts and more so with regard to child protection. Generally, the approach to justice for youth differs from one jurisdiction to another. For instance, some states to adopt a welfare approach where offending children are directed to social services while others have a justice model whose aim is to punish children for their crimes through the criminal justice system. In other cases both approaches are combined; this happens in Sweden where the children with a high age of criminal responsibility are directed to social services while those above this age are prosecuted in an adult court (Goldson, 1999). In the US the youth court system directs children to be tried by the adult court. In Kenya, the legal framework supports Juvenile Courts although such courts are not really separate as Nairobi and Mombasa are the only cities that has a Juvenile Court presently. In the rest of the country, ordinary courts are turned into courts for children; Nyeri for example has two days in the week dedicated to children matters at the court. The current treatment of children in conflict with the law has oflen been reported to infringe upon the rights of children. Children’s courts are necessary in providing a legal framework for child protection intervention. Additionally it is through this court that children can be held accountable for their conduct by society and parents can also be accountable for raising children.
Street children panacea for a healthy future of society in Uganda. A case study of lira municipal council
(Kampala International University, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2008-09) Otto Olima Jackey, Milton
The study was to examine street children panacea for a healthy future of society in Uganda. The research was guided by four objectives: 1To find out the cause of their influx onto the streets. 2. To identify the problem faced by street children on the streets. 3. To examine the interventions so far made by civil society organizations. 4. To suggest solutions to the problem of street children. The researcher used descriptive research design, focus group discussions, interviews and Observation was used to collect data. Findings show that there are numerous causes of influx of children onto the streets. These causes are not mostly extraneous to the interest of these children. They are driven onto the streets as the only alternative to life. It can further be concluded that, the family set up of these children are quite problematic, most families where they lived could not support them in terms of providing for their needs, most families where they left are in chaos with lots of violent behaviors subjected to either the children or the female counterparts/caregiver. Its further deduced that many street children are orphans due to HIV/AIDS, they have lost their parents and caregivers due to the AIDS epidemic. The prolonged LRA war in the north has even made the influx of children onto the streets more than doubled. Certainly it can further be concluded that he problem of street children are numerous and most important is the problems that they the street children are facing. The problem the community is facing due their presence onto the streets is quite blamed onto the negligence of the community members to provide for the needs of these children through strong community safety-nets systems. Much as there are some organizations trying to work round the clock to support these children, their support seems not sustainable since the number and influx of these children are out-growing the available resources. The problems of street children if not handled with a multi-dimensional approach, it will burst into a very serious national issue that is quite beyond the level at which it is at present. The following recommendations can be arrived at; - The street children should be organized in groups and counseled about the problems they are facing, and the community should be made aware that these children are on the streets not because of their desire, but due to lack of alternative sources of livelihood. - The district and community volunteers should establish some vocational training centers for these children so that they are trained on various vocational skills that would help them generate some income for their livelihood. - There must be a serious campaign against domestic violence among the community so that the causes of influx of children onto the streets as a result of domestic violence are reduced. - The government should devise an all-encompassing policy for dealing with street children and it should be widely disseminated to all the key actors trying to solve the problems of street children. This will guide interventions designed to support street children by giving priority areas of focus with preferences on to interventions that minimize keeping these children on the streets. - All the organizations dealing with street children must have a collaborative linkage among themselves with establishment of a clear referral system among themselves for these children to access services provided by all the organizations.
Consequence and effectiveness of Kenya -Somalia border closure in Mandera East District-of Kenya
(Kampala International University(KIU), 2009) Mahat, Omar; Mahat, Omar
he study is a descriptive exploratory case study that aims to establish the reasons for the Kenya- Somalia border closure. It will also establish the consequences and the effectiveness of the border closure in Mandera and Beled Hawa towns respectively in Kenya and Somalia. Lawlessness, insecurity and anarchy are the order of the day in Somalia. This insecurity has extended to Kenya due to proliferation of arms, entry of illegal immigrants and smuggling of goods. Kenya having been bombed twice by ten-orist; 1998 and 2002 is averse to Islamists groups such as Al-Shabab that controlled areas close to Kenya border hence it closed its border to guard its national security. The study involved different target groups such as DC Beled Hawa DO Mandera Central Division, Alien students; Immigration Officers, Community Based Organizations, NGO's, Headteachers, Business Community, Residents of Mandera and Beled Hawa and a total of 228 respondents were involved. And questionnaires, interview schedules and Focused Group Discussion was used to get data from the respondents. The data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative research methods. The findings were that the border closure affected the business community, students and the residents of the two countries, Kenya and Somalia as there was a lot that they were interdependent on such as food and fuel from Somalia, while Somalia got tea leaves, mattresses, plastic items, education, humanitarian supplies and referral for medical treatment and surgery at the Mandera District Hospital or other private clinics in Mandera .. The study reconunends the reopening of the border to alleviate the suffering of the people and use other methods to address the issue of insecurity instead.
Road communication network as a factor in resolving recurrent conflict amongst Pastoralists in Mandera and Garissa Districts of Northern Kenya
(Kampala International University, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2009-06) Hassan, Ismail Mohamed
The study was set out to establish the efficiency and effectiveness of improved road communication network in affecting the trends, intensity and impact of recurrent ethnic conflict among pastoralist communities of Garissa and Mandera. Over the years conflict has remained the major cause of under-development in the area. The conventional cause i.e scarcity of pasture, water, small arms proliferation e.t.c appears not to have eminent solution due to the deteriorating climatic change and global warming coupled with anarchy setting in the neighboring countries like Somalia and Ethiopia. The research was conducted comparatively through a survey of Bulla Nasib in Garissa and Bulla Handadu in Mandera. A sample size of 350 respondents was drawn from the two villages. Primary data was collected using questionnaires, observation, and from existing secondary data .. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The samples had equal chance amongst each selected cluster. Using PRA tools like pair-wise ranking, Venn diagram and conflict response index the information gathered was analyzed and computed using proportions, frequencies and inferences. The results of this study found that improved road network will reduce conflict incidence by 64%, reduce conflict intensity by 46%, increase response time by 74% and minimize future conflict occurrence by 54%. The study recommends that the government allocate I 0% of its annual revenue over the next 15 years to be used to construct effective road communication network and improve quality of life in Northern Kenya to prevent the cyclic occurrence of pastoralist conflict.
Road communication network as a factor in resolving recurrent conflict amongst Pastrolists in Mandera and Garissa Districts of Northern Kenya
(Kampala International University, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2009-06) Mohamed, Hassan Ismail
The study was set out to establish the efficiency and effectiveness of improved road communication network in affecting the trends, intensity and impact of recurrent ethnic conflict among pastoralist communities of Garissa and Mandera. Over the years conflict has remained the major cause of under-development in the area. The conventional cause i.e scarcity of pasture, water, and small arms proliferation e.t.c appears not to have eminent solution due to the deteriorating climatic change and global warming coupled with anarchy setting in the neighboring countries like Somalia and Ethiopia. The research was conducted comparatively through a survey of Bulla Nasib in Garissa and Bulla Handadu in Mandera. A sample size of 350 respondents was drawn from the two villages. Primary data was collected using questionnaires, observation, and from existing secondary data. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The samples had equal chance amongst each selected cluster. Using PRA tools like pair-wise ranking, Venn diagram and conflict response index the information gathered was analyzed and computed using proportions, frequencies and inferences. The results of this study found that improved road network will reduce conflict incidence by 64%, reduce conflict intensity by 46%, increase response time by 74% and minimize future conflict occurrence by 54%. The study recommends that the government allocate 10% of its annual revenue over the next 1 5 years to be used to construct effective road communication network and improve quality of life in Northern Kenya to prevent the cyclic occurrence of pastoralist conflict.
Road communication network as a factor in resolving recurrent conflict amongst pastoralists in Mandera and Garissa Districts of Northern Kenya
(Kampala International University.College Of Humanities and social science, 2009-06) Mohamed, Hassan Ismail
The study was set out to establish the efficiency and effectiveness of improved road communication network in affecting the trends, intensity and impact of recurrent ethnic conflict among pastoralist communities of Garissa and Mandera. Over the years conflict has remained the major cause of under-development in the area. The conventional cause i.e scarcity of pasture, water, small arms proliferation e.t.c appears not to have eminent solution due to the deteriorating climatic change and global warming coupled with anarchy setting in the neighboring countries like Somalia and Ethiopia. The research was conducted comparatively through a survey of Bulla Nasib in Garissa and Bulla Handadu in Mandera. A sample size of 350 respondents was drawn from the two villages. Primary data was collected using questionnaires, observation, and from existing secondary data .. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The samples had equal chance amongst each selected cluster. Using PRA tools like pair-wise ranking, Venn diagram and conflict response index the information gathered was analyzed and computed using propo1tions, frequencies and inferences. The results of this study found that improved road network will reduce conflict incidence by 64%, reduce conflict intensity by 46%, increase response time by 74% and minimize future conflict occurrence by 54%. The study recommends that the government allocate I 0% of its annual revenue over the next 15 years to be used to construct effective road communication network and improve quality of life in Northern Kenya to prevent the cyclic occurrence ofpastoralist conflict
Media challenges in the post- election violence in Kenya. a case study of Nairobi.
(Kampala international international: College Humanities and Social Sciences, 2009-09) Jane, N. Murutu
The purpose of this study was to establish the media challenges faced during the post-election violence in the city of Nairobi. The research was cross-sectional with both explanatory and descriptive approaches. The target population was the women, youth, middle aged and elderly, besides politicians as a special group. The population of the study was 300 residents of Nairobi. Key informant interviews and questionnaires were used in collecting data. Data analysis method was based on qualitative and quantitative approach using Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. The results were presented in tables and Figures. The major finding in the study showed that reporting post elections presented challenges amongst which includes no experience or training in reporting conflicts, weak constitutional and legal framework, inadequate equipment and poor research capacity. Finally, a number of recommendations such as updating the journalists training manual, government to invite people from other countries to share programmes they have used for healing negative ethnicity, media owners to develop a training programme for journalists on local and national integrity systems
An appraisal of mediation as alternate dispute resolution in Kenya
(Kampala International University, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2009-10) Joseph Daniel Olewe, Owiti
The purpose of this study was to appraise the different methods used in conflict resolution as opposed to litigation, and make recommendations to the Proposed Amendments to introduce Alternative Dispute Resolution and Case Management in Kenya This study sought to assess the views on mediation as an alternative method to dispute resolution, and also to consider whether mediation should be adopted as an alternative dispute resolution in judicial proceedings. The research was a cross-sectional with both explanatory and descriptive approaches. The target population was the Judicial Officers; Administrators of institutions, local leader including faith based organizations and other citizens. The population of the study was 301 residents of Nairobi, Kenya. The study employed the purposive sampling of all groups because it was difficult to randomly sample public officials and the personnel involved in judiciary processes. The questionnaires were administered to the respondents by the help of trained research assistants. Data analysis method was based on qualitative and quantitative approach using Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. The results were presented in graphs, pie charts and frequency tables. The major finding in the study was that there were several alternative methods of dispute resolution. The long period of time that court cases took before their conclusion was majorly~ due to corruption, misconduct of the judges, involvement of judges in politics and abuse of office by judges, as well as fewer judges as compared to the many cases in court, lack of evidence, and the nature of the civil case. Implementation of mediation was more effective than litigation, especially due to its simplicity, less cost involved, less time consuming and also promoted peace. Lack of awareness on the proposal to amend the civil procedures rules to provide for mediation as dispute resolution mechanism, resulted into most opinions that mediation be made voluntary. Corruption, injustices and unfairness of the judges as well as lack of reforms in courts were the main consequences of dissatisfaction on the outcome of court cases. As a result, the dissatisfaction led to the recommendation for Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).
Conditions of Rwandan refugees and available resources in settlement camps; the case study of nakivale refugee settlement camps Isingiro district, uganda
(Kampala international international: College Humanities and Social Sciences, 2010-07) Bryant, Ramsey F.
The study particularly assessed conditions of Rwandan Refugees and available resources in Nakivale refugee settlement camps. The study was guided by four objectives to; identify the accessible resources to the refugees in Nakivale settlement camp; determine the sanitary challenges which are faced by the Rwandan refugees in Nakivale refugee settlement and what coping alternatives are being utilized by them; identify effort the UNHCR and the Government of Uganda have taken to overcome inadequate distribution of the available resources; and also, assist in identifying the solutions to the problem in Nakivale refugee settlements. The research adopted simple random sampling techniques to select respondents for the study, while some respondents were purposively selected. A total of 40 respondents participated in the study. Data were collected using questionnaires and a structured interview guide was analyzed using percentage and frequency counts. The study established that most of the respondents 15 (37.5%) strongly agreed that Majority of the refugees are denied to access the resources due refusal to be repatriated yet Rwanda is now stable. Refugees are not willing to repatriate due to the satisfactory living condition in Nakivale, for some they have been here for over 15 years and cannot establish a link to Rwanda, and for others security is not guaranteed in Rwanda. Majority of the respondents strongly agreed that inadequate resources like food, Land, Medical care among other necessities for refugees are among the major underlying problems for these refugees who have refused to repatriate. The study recommended that, the government should consider dispersing refugees, rather than maintaining them within limited areas of the country. Furthermore, the government should encourage other means of self-sufficiency for refugees that do not entirely depend on land. Such a diversification would ensure that pressure on land in areas such as Nakivale is reduced. Promoting cohabitation and revision of the Government of Uganda policy is needed for those refugees that have been here for over 15 years.
The effect of government intervention on food production in Kilak County, Gulu District, Uganda
(Kampala international international : College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2010-08) Ankunda Rwangoga, Davis
This study was aimed at establishing the effect of government programmes aimed at boosting agricultural food production in Gulu district. It was particularly sought to make a stakeholder analysis in the core areas of various initiatives to rediscover agriculture for development after so many years of social-economic turmoil in the district. The study also identified both programmatic and institutional gaps in the interventions so far made. Descriptive survey design was used for the study.The study population was 300 respondents while 100 was purposively selected. Two validated instruments were used to collect data.Three research questions were answered in the study. Descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages and Pearson Product Moment correlation were used to analyse data. The results showed that there was a positive relationship between resources injected by the government and the quantity of agricultural products (r=0.678);resources and methods of farming (r0.684);sensitization and agricultural products(r0.684);sensitization and methods of fanning(r=0.870);infrastructure and agricultural products(r0.963;infrastructure and methods of farming(r0.515);infrastructure and high income levels. (r0.704). Some of the immediate recommendations include improvement of the technical skills for the farmers, community capacity development, provision of soft loans and quality tools / seeds to residents involved in food production. There is also need to encourage land reform practices from communal to private ownership in order to increase organized farming methods.
The contribution of world vision to food security in Baringo District – Kenya
(Kampala International University,College of Humanities and Social Science, 2010-09) Wangunyu, Philip Ndekei
In Baringo District, food insecurity significantly contributes to the never ending conflicts among the communities. The research carried out a study on the contribution of World Vision to food security in Baringo District. The objective of the study was to find out the causes of perennial food insecurity despite efforts employed by World Vision and other stakeholders in Baringo. The technologies promoted by World Vision in Baringo in addressing food insecurity were also identified. The challenges faced by World Vision in promoting food security in Baringo District were examined. The review of literature indicated that although there are many scholars who have written about food insecurity and how it contributes to conflicts. The contribution of food security projects to conflict resolution had riot been documented. Case study method of descriptive design was used, where both quantitative and qualitative data was collected. The study was carried out on the accessible population of the target population. The sample was selected randomly from the survey population. Questionnaires were administered to 630 respondents. Focus group discussions were held with community members and further interviews carried out on 20 stakeholders in the district undertaking food security initiatives. Data was analyzed by aid of Statistical Packages for Social Scientists (SPSS) computer software. The results were presented in form of tables or bar graphs. The research revealed that poor rains, drought, cattle rustling combined with high food prices, unstable market supplies, environmental degradation and chronic poverty have deepened food insecurity in Baringo district. Livestock diseases heightened livestock mortalities and led to market closures, subsequently, impacts of drought were accentuated. Conflicts and insecurity arising from severe livestock raiding disrupted the pastoral livelihood; the raids resulted in loss of human life and livestock; closure of markets; massive displacements and creation of ‘no-go’ zones that are inaccessible to pastoralists for inhabitation, grazing or market exchanges. In some of the conflict epicenters a livelihood and humanitarian emergency has occurred. From the findings the researcher recommended concerted effort in pooling of resources by the stakeholders in the district to address food insecurity. Promotion of rain water harvesting technologies would have a longer lasting effect in crop and livestock production, the backbone of food security in the district, Advocacy on peaceful coexistence is vital. General insecurity in Baringo district is largely contributed by food insecurity.
The United Nation peace keeping mission in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo : prospects and challenges
(Kampala International University, 2010-09) Uwimana, Innocent Ndiriye
Resettling internally displaced persons in rift valley province of Kenya, a case study of idp camps in Nakuru district
(Kampala International University, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2010-09) Robinson, Akaka Alianda
This study was to establish the major challenges that face the resettlement of internally displaced persons in Nakuru district. The study was based on three objectives. That to establish the challenges in resettling internally displacement persons, find the challenges encountered by the government in resettlement process and assess the efforts of the non-governmental organizations. The review of literature indicated that although there are many scholars who have written about election related displacement in Kenya, none had mentioned the inherent challenges of resettling people after violence. The study therefore was focused on unearthing the major challenges that have hampered resettlement efforts. The study wads undertaken in Nakuru district and targeted the IDPs in the camps with a sample size of 80,Simple random sampling technique was used to select the respondents .The major tools of data collection were questionnaires and focused group discussion. The data was both qualitative and quantitative. The study found that majority of the IDPs were not satisfied with the governments efforts (3 6.6%) and suggested a change of strategy (76.5 %).The initiatives by the NGOs was applauded, mainly the Red Cross society of Kenya (60.3%) From the findings of the study, the researcher concluded that the overall resettlement plan has not succeeded and recommended that there is need to harmonize the activities of all the stakeholders involved in the resettlement to foster reconciliation.
Civil society organizations and resettlement of internally displaced people in Nandi county of Kenya case study: Tinderet district
(Kampala International University, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2010-09) Kemboi Cheruiyot, Patrice
Development projects and war regularly lead to the internal displacement and involuntary resettlement of tens of millions of people each year. Though most “internally displaced people” settle spontaneously, a significant proportion is involuntarily resettled into planned “camps” and “settlements”. Drawing on a vast and rapidly growing literature, this study sought to establish the salient roles of civil society organizations in the resettlement of the internally displaced people in Tinderet district within Kenya. On this note, all other authors’ works similar to this particular study were revisited and this tornied the basis of the researcher’s review of related literature. A descriptive survey design was employed since the whole study was about explaining a scenario / an event or occurrence. In the process of data collection, questionnaires and interview guides were employed after which data was analyzed and presented in percentages and frequency distribution tables. The findings from the study revealed that civil society organization had played a significant role in the resettlement of the internally displaced people. Their contributions were seen in the aspects of; medical care, housing facility provision, food provision, resettlement package and education service provision. Recommendations were made which called for; Incentive provision to marginalized communities, Initiation and strengthening of disaster preparedness department, gazetting of more land for the internally displaced and eradication of cattle rustling vice among others.
The united nations peacekeeping mission in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: prospects and challenges
(Kampala international international : College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2010-09) Ndiyaye Innocent Uwimana
The study examined the “United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo”. The study used a case study. This study was guided by the following objectives: to examine different initiatives the U.N peacekeeping mission in eastern Congo has undertaken in order to stabilise this region. To unearth challenges the U.N peacekeeping mission is currently facing, and to unveil available opportunities that can be helpful for the mission’s success. A self-administered questionnaire was used as the main method of data collection. Interview and documentation review were also used to compliment, supplement and validate data collected through the questionnaire. Three hundred and sixty eight respondents were chosen for this study. The study found that peacekeeping in eastern Congo was a challenging undertaking. This is because of different factors that impede the U.N peacekeeping efforts. It was found that some initiatives such as training of civilians and national police as well as army have been undertaken. However roads are few, and these few roads pose key problems to peacekeeping efforts because they are of poor quality. In addition climate has been a major disturbing factor to the U.N peacekeeping mission efforts. Language barriers as well as cultural aspects have become thorny issues within the peacekeeping establishment. Apart from weather and language barriers, the persistent rebel movements’ activities make the U.N peacekeeping operations more painful. Furthermore the size of the territory to be controlled remains a challenge, and it has been very difficult if not impossible for the U.N peacekeeping to cover the entire territory. The study further revealed that external influence affects significantly the U.N peacekeeping mission. Though rebel movements have been profiteering from illegal exploitation of natural resources, the U.N mission is facing problems of funds and military equipments. The study concludes that peacekeeping in eastern Congo has been a daunting task. The challenges unearthed during this study patently continue and will continue to impede the U.N peacekeeping efforts. To overcome these challenges the UNPK mission is facing, a number of recommendations were formulated. The U.N has been requested to continue searching for troops from French speaking countries. The U.N mission has been requested to increase patrols, and avoid using military armors frequently. Finally the people have been asked to work closely with the U.N peacekeeping forces, and inform peacekeepers timely on rebel movements’ activities.
Small arms trafficking and human rights in Karamoja Sub Region in Uganda
(Kampala International University, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2010-09) Matsiko, Ezekiel
The overall objective of this study is premised on the extent to which Small Arms Trafficking was affecting Human Rights practices in Karamoja. The study established how small arms trafficking hampered development, the availability of small arms and its contribution to the violation of the right to life, the relationship between small arms trafficking and violation of peace and human rights, community’s views about small arms trafficking and the commitment of government toward the reduction of small arms trafficking and human rights education in Moroto-Karamoja. In an effort to find answers to the set objectives, a number of data collection methods were used, these included: questionnaires, interviews, observation, focus group discussions and documentary review. The findings of the study revealed that many of the people in the Karamoja region believed and appreciated small arms trafficking as an alternative form of trade, the findings also revealed governments commitment to combating small arms trafficking and the threats to humanity. Human Rights Education was also established to be inadequate. It was recommended that traditional tribal chiefs be involved in the process of disarmament as a government strategy to combat arms trafficking. Alternative economic better programs should be introduced. Human rights education should be people centered, religious, and local and international N.G.O’s should work hand in hand toward eliminating small arms trafficking with its related challenges.
Community conflicts in arid and semi- arid lands (ASALS): a case study of Wingi District in Kenya
(Kampala International University, College of Humanities and social sciences., 2010-10) Mijsili, Musembi Alex
Cording to the tenets of the three pillars of Vision 2030, the Kenya’s blue print for economic development, the social pillar envisages to build a just and cohesive society with social equity in a clean and secure environment. (Vision 2030, 2007:1). The vision is bound to operationalize the necessary policy, legal and institutional framework around security, peace building and conflict management for national and inter-community dialogue in order to build harmony among ethnic, racial and other interest groups. For this reason, Peace Committees being popular and successful in handling community conflicts in Mwingi district can provide an alternative mode of dispute resolution to the court system and cross boarder conflicts. This is justified by the fact that Peace Committees are accessible and operate in localized areas where the communities understand their procedures and conduct. Despite these strategies to resolve community conflicts, there are many constraints that make their implementation difficult and ineffective. The study was conducted in Mwingi district to investigate conflicts in arid and semi- arid lands (ASALs): a case study of Mwingi district in Kenya. The study objectives were; to find out the existing community conflicts and their causes, examining the challenges faced by Peace committees in preventing, managing and resolving community conflicts, identifying conflict resolution mechanisms undertaken by the Peace Committees in handling community conflicts. The research study employed a descriptive research design which is a scientific method that involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way. The major conflicts in the study area included; Agro-pastoralists conflicts including animal trespass, land conflict, Banditry thuggery including murder, Domestic violence, leadership Mwrangles, Resource competition and tribal clashes. These destabilize the welfare of the people in the society. Peace committees being near and within the community play an important role in resolving these conflicts. The methods used by peace committees in resolving these conflicts included the peace committee court, Mediation, Arbitration and reconciliation of conflicting parties. Corruption, Poor governance, policy framework, poor communication, Resource competition, prevalence of SALW and inadequate capacity were the major challenges faced by peace committees in resolving community conflicts. The possible solutions to these challenges mentioned above included; avoiding corruption through censuring corrupt peace committee members, Improved means of communication for the peace committees, promote public awareness on the work of peace committees to the community and the need for peaceful co-existence which empowers the community on issues of self-governance and democratization, Government to control the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, mobilize resources to support the work of peace committees through giving them incentives and allowing them to hold public gatherings, Building the capacity of peace committees through trainings for knowledge and skills improvement and improving the policy framework on recognition and legitimacy.
Civil society in conflict resolution in Garbaharrey and Belet-Hawa Towns Gedo Region Somalia
(Kampala International University, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2010-10) Abdullahi Mohamed, Hersi
The purpose of the study was to establish the role of the civil society in conflict resolution at grass root levels in Garbaharrey and Belet-hawa towns of Gedo region, Somalia. The specific objectives of the study were to identify magnitude of the conflict; establish contributions of civil society and to find out challenges faced by the civil society groups in Gedo region, Somalia. Questionnaires and focus group discussion were applied to collect data from the 100 respondents selected purposively from 2000 members of the civil society groups namely women, youth, traditional elders, media, professional associations, business community and private sector and Local NGOs in Garbaharrey and Belet-Hawa towns of Gedo region, Somalia. The findings of the study indicated that repeated violations of human rights and impunity, high rate of destitution; lack of basic services and economic opportunities contributed the escalation of armed violence in Gedo region, Somalia. The findings of the study indicated that civil society actors in Gedo region have contributed a peaceful resolution of the conflicts in the region through public awareness, advocacy against violence, mediation and reconciliation at localized level. The study revealed that civil society faces many challenges including insecurity, threats and suppression from different conflictants. The study recommended the civil society to provide humanitarian assistance, promote coordination and networking among them and bottom up approach for conflict resolution where civil society actors are at the centre of the reconciliation and state building process for Somalia.
The effects of armed violence on “communities of Malaso division of Samburu central district of Kenya”
(Kampala international international: College Humanities and Social Sciences, 2010-10) Nicholas, Lemeteki Kitapion
This survey, “The effect of armed violence on the communities of Malaso division Samburu central district of Kenya”, described the impact of on the communities of Malaso division. Livestock raiding have become increasingly violent since 1996 as small arms became increasingly widely available. It is now associated with higher and less discriminate loss of human life and greater livestock losses. Insecurity has had a negative impact on the mobility of livestock and access to some of the best grazing lands within the division, This was most acute during the drought years as noted in the 2008/2009 drought that have had a devastating effect on livestock mortality The study made notes of loss of human life, property, displacement disruption of social-economic activities and loss of livelihood by Malaso communities, The information generated will have a practical implication on policy makers and humanitarian Aid providers as timely and effective intervention measures will be instituted, I have recommended that an investigation be conducted to establish the established conflict structures that have been affecting Malaso division in order to facilitate prevention and a humanitarian assistant provided in line with the United Nation Charter on the provision of humanitarian assistant
Civil society in conflict resolution in Garba Harreyand Belet-Hawa Towns Gedo Region Somalia
(Kampala International University, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2010-10) Abdullahj, Mohamed Hersi
The purpose of the study was to establish the role of the civil society in conflict resolution at grass root levels in Garbaharrey and Belet-hawa towns of Gedo region, Somalia The specific objectives of the study were to identify magnitude of the conflict; establish contributions of civil society and to find out challenges faced by the civil society groups in Gedo region, Somalia. Questionnaires and focus group discussion were applied to collect data from the 100 respondents selected purposively from 2000 members of the civil society groups namely women, youth, traditional elders, media, professional associations, business community and private sector and Local NGOs in Garbaharrey and Belet-Hawa towns of Gedo region, Somalia. The findings of the study indicated that repeated violations of human rights and impunity, high rate of destitution; lack of basic services and economic opportunities contributed the escalation of armed violence in Gedo region, Somalia. The findings of the study indicated that civil society actors in Gedo region have contributed a peaceful resolution of the conflicts in the region through public awareness, advocacy against violence, mediation and reconciliation at localized level. The study revealed that civil society faces many challenges including insecurity, threats and suppression from different conflictants. The study recommended the civil society to provide humanitarian assistance, promote coordination and networking among them and bottom up approach for conflict resolution where civil society actors are at the centre of the reconciliation and state building process for Somalia.

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