School of Health Sciences (Western Campus)

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Factors associated with abortion among clients who attend selected health facilities in Bushenyi Ishaka municipality Uganda.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences, 2009-01) Gloria, Kiconco
Introduction globally, abortion mortality accounts for at least 13% of all maternal mortality. Maternal mortality is 600,000 deaths per year due to pregnancy-related causes, and 99% of these deaths are in developing countries (WHO 2008). Abortions occur at a rate of 54 per 1,000 women aged 15–49 and account for one in five pregnancies. (Prada, E et al 2005). Methods. It was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in Kampala international university teaching hospital and Ishaka Adventist hospital, to find out factors associated with abortion among clients who attend the health facilities. A period of three months May, June and July 2013 were considered. Purposive sampling was used to select 96 clients, only those who were diagnosed of abortion and had all the necessary information were considered from both hospitals. 72 files were selected from Ishaka Adventist Hospital and 24 files from Kampala International Hospital because more clients attend Ishaka Adventist Hospital than Kampala International Hospital. Objectives. To identify factors associated with abortion among clients who attend selected health facilities in Bushenyi- Ishaka Municipality Specifically; to find out the social demographic characteristics of clients, Establish the commonest type of abortion among clients. To identify medical factors associated with abortion among clients who attend selected health facilities in Bushenyi- Ishaka Municipality. Results Low social economic status, age group of 20-24 years (30.5%), being married (86.5%) and being single but co habiting (11.5%) are positively associated with abortion. Banyankole from Nyabubale (13.5%), Ishaka (10.4%), MItooma(9.3%), Kigoma (6.2%) and Kakanju (6.2) have an increased risk of abortion. Most abortions were spontaneous (87.5%), incomplete (65.6%), with no identifiable cause (79.2%) only (9.4%) were induced. Conclusion, the majority of clients were of low social economic status and most abortions were spontaneous incomplete, with no identifiable cause. Most of them were married and between 20-24 years. Recommendations 1. Massive health education programmes should be conducted to teach females of reproductive age especially in communities of Nyabubale, Ishaka, MItooma, Kigoma, and Kakanju villages about good sexual practices and quality antenatal care. 2. The government should ensure that free or affordable public sector contraceptive services reach all women especially the poor and young to reduce the risk of unplanned pregnancies which end up in abortion. 3. Research should be carried out in Nyabubale, Ishaka, MItooma, Kigoma, and Kakanju villages to find out why there are more abortions and to find out the cause of spontaneous abortion. 4. Economic empowerment in communities through formation of groups, working together and joining village banks to improve their social economic
A study on HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention amongst teenagers in Ishaka municipality, Nyakabirizi ward, cell 3.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences, 2009-08) Onono, Arthur Rakula
To determine how aware the teenagers of Ishaka municipality, Nyakabirizi ward, cell 3 are aware on methods of minimizing the spread of HIV/AIDS. To determine whether methods of minimizing HIV/AIDS spread amongst the sexually active are known. To determine what factors affect lead to failure of pursuing approaches which ultimately minimize spread of HIV/AIDS. To determine the degree of knowledge on the available methods of disease prevention
A study of the assessment of clinical blood transfusion practices in Kampala international University teaching hospital and Comboni hospital
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2010) Omar, Aly Tadudi
A study on screening and quantification of phytochemicals in the aqueous extract of vernonia amygdalina leaf
(2010) Namakula, Edith
Rational prescribing of ARVS among pregnant HIV women attending selected health institutions, in Bushenyi District, Uganda
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2010) Kariuki, Kelvin
Extractive value, ash value and moisture content of amaranthus dub/us leaves ("dodo") in Bushenyi _ Ishaka town council, South Western Uganda
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2010) Njuguna, Jacinta
Investigation of antibacterial activity, phytochemical screening and the extractive value of different solvents on lawson/a inermij(henna) plant leaf extract
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2010) Maranya, Mayengo Paul
A study of the acute toxicity, phytochemical and analgesic properties of the aqueous root extract of flueggea virosa (family: euphorbiaceae)
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2010-04) Kezia, Matuki Eunice
Introduction/Objectives: Fluegge a virosa grows wild in tropical Africa, Arabian Peninsula, tropical Asia, Japan, Australia and Polynesia, and it can also be domesticated. The different parts of the plant have many folkloric usage for diverse ailments including pain, fever, malaria, sexual dysfunction, diabetes, epilepsy, antiarrhythmic, HIV -related illness among many others. The root is claimed to be the most potent part of the plant. In view of the claimed therapeutic potentials, investigation of the aqueous extract of the root was carried out to ascertain its acute toxicity, phytochemical constituents and analgesic activity. Methodology: The plant material was extracted using decoction method since this is how it is used locally. Acute toxicity tests were conducted in rats using modified Lorke' s method to determine the safety of the extract. Phytochemical screening was conducted using methods outlined in Trease and Evans to determine the components of the extracts. Analgesic studies were carried out using thermal induced pain (tailflick method) and chemical induced pain (formalin) in rats by giving extracts orally at 100, 200 and 400mglkg of body weight. Results: Acute toxicity tests did not record any death among the different groups of rats used. Phytochemical tests showed the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and reducing sugars. Analgesic studies (thermal induced pain-tailflick method) showed some activity, which tested insignificant to ANOVA test and chemical induced pain (formalin) showed good activity and tested significant to ANOVA test. Conclusion: The aqueous root extract of Flueggea virosa has many useful phytochemical constituents. Acute toxicity tests indicated that the extract could be generally regarded as safe. The extract has a dose dependent analgesic effect which is perhaps not centrally mediated. Thus the results provide support for the use of the plant in relieving pain and fever among the natives in rural areas. Keywords: Flueggea virosa; Phytochemicals; Pain; Analgesic; Toxicity.
Investigation of antibacterial activity, phytochemical screening and the extractive value of different solvents on lawsonia inermi (henna) plant leaf extract.
(Kampala International University.College of Health Science, 2010-04) Paul, Mayengo Maranya
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity, to determine the most efficiency extractive solvents and phytochemical profile of Hot water, Methanol alcohol and Lemon juice extract of Lawsonia inermis (henna) leaf. The plant attracted the attention of researchers because of its use as anti-infective agent. The oily and alcoholic extracts of the plant Lawsonia inermis dried powdered leaves were separately obtained by maceration, while the aqueous was obtained by Infusion extraction method. The bacteria organisms tested were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Extraction, Phytochemical screening and susceptibility test of the plant leaves were performed using standard procedures. The Phytochemical screening results revealed the presence of tannins, steroids and reducing sugars as the major bioactive constituents. The Lemon juice extractive value was relatively much higher than the alcoholic and aqueous. The result of susceptibility test showed that the extract had greater antibacterial effect against all the two test organisms with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) used as compared with standard drugs. Submitted ............................................... . Reviewed ............................................... .. Internal defense ..................................... . Accepted ................................................ ..
Rational prescribing of ARVS among pregnant HIV women attending selected health institutions, in Bushenyi District, Uganda
(Kampala International University, school of Health Science, 2010-04) Kevin, Kariuki
Non — governmental organizations’ advocacy in settling internally displaced persons in Limuru-Kenya
(Kampala International University, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, 2010-09) Kungu N, Joseph
This study was set out to establish the role of NGOs in resettling IDPs in Limuru district in Kenya. Specifically the study wanted to establish the effect of (i) NGOs advocacy for education (ii) NGOs working together and (iii) funding of economic activities help in settling internally displaced persons in Limuru-Kenya. The study was done by developing a conceptual frame relating NGOs advocacy and resettlement of IDPs. The study was co-relational in nature and it employed a quantitative approach; data were collected from 226 respondents using self administered questionnaires as the key data collection instruments. Data were analyzed at univariate level using frequency counts and summary statistics and Pearson Linear Correlation coefficient at bivariate level. The study revealed that NGOs advocacy for education has a positive insignificant relationship with resettlement of IDPs in Limuru district (ii) NGO working together and (iii) NGO funding of economic activities help in settling internally displaced persons in Limuru-Kenya. From the above findings appropriate conclusions and recommendations including those for further research were made. Recommendations from the study were; The study concluded that, (I) Authorities in Limuru in conjunction with NGOs should advocate for an education system that looks at the different characteristics of the people in IDP, (ii) there should be well formulated and implemented education policies for the people of Limuru which considers the dynamic nature of the IDPs, (iii) there is a need for a huge campaign among the IDPs in encouraging them to work together in team as this will improve their productivity through merging their difference competencies, (iv) there should be creation and establishment of a variety of economic activities among the IDPs and the entire Limuru district to tap the potential of different people in order to make the people occupies thus creating the need for settlement, (v) there is the need to provide free of charge or at highly subsidized prices accommodation, particularly with regard to the basic commodities since they are essential for settlement, (vi) Offer the relevant expertise, such as on shelter, education, and protection, to the overall international response to IDPs;
Assessment of the rational use of selected antibacterial drugs (amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole and metronidazole) in Kampala International University Teaching and Kitagata Hospitals.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences- Western Campus, 2011-05) Musinguzi, Mercy
Backgrmmd: More than 50% of all medicines are irrationally used in the world. Rational use of medicines (RUM) means that the right patient receives the right drug, in the right dose, for the right duration, and at the lowest cost for him/her and the community. In a nutshell treatment must follow the standard treatment guidelines of that area. In this case Uganda, the Uganda Clinical Guidelines for treatment of Common Infections is used. The problem of rational use is even most dire with antibacterial drugs, especially commonly used ones where resistance is ever grow mg. Purpose of study: To assess whether amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole and metronidazole are rationally used in KlUTH and Kitagata hospital Methods: Prescriptions from each hospital containing the above antimicrobial therapy were analysed to find fi·equency of adherence to STGs by prescribers as a measure of rational use. Other indictors of rational use such as generic name use and definitive diagnosis such as laboratory testing were measured. Questionnaires were used to assess knowledge and frequency of use of STGs. Results: From KlU-TH 7£.4•% of prescription were in accordance with STGs, KITAGATA recorded 57.1% of these drugs were prescribed in accordance with STGs. 9.£% of respondents from KIU used Laboratory diagnosis always, from Kitagata only £% reported this. Conclusions: IUU-TH had higher rates of rational use of antibiotics compared to Kitagata hospital. Cotrimoxazole had the highest rates of rational use. STGs play an important role in promoting rational use of antibacterials.
A Study of Treatment and Management Procedures of Peptic Ulcers in Hospitals in Bushenyi District.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Science., 2011-06) Khatib, Ahmed Ali
Peptic ulcers is one of the common diseases affecting both men and women. It is a non racial. worldwide disorder which has no significant preference rate for sex, season or culture. Most esnmates suggest that between 5% and I 0% of the general population will develop a peptic ulcer during their lifetime. Peptic ulcer bleeding is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. A cross sectional prospective and descriptive study was carried out the in three hospitals located Bushenyi district, western Uganda to study management and treatment procedures of peptic ulcers disease. The data was collected by use of self-administered questionnaires consisting of both open and close ended questions which was subjected to analysis using SPSS and EPI-info. The goals of management are to control any active bleeding and prevent re-bleeding and then to heal the ulcer and prevent its recurrence. Initial management strategies are guided by the patient's clinical condition and endoscopic findings. Thus, treatment may consist of endoscopic and medical therapy and, sometimes, surgery. Control of acid secretion, preferably with proton pump inhibitor therapy in the initial management continues to evolve; it has also been used as both an adjunct to endoscopic therapy and as primary treatment. The long-term management of patients with peptic ulcer, after the initial bleeding episode, should include patient stratification based upon risk factors for ulcer recurrence (i.e. Helicobacter pylori infection, use of aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Elimination or modification of these risk factors reduces the risk of ulcer recurrence and, hence, of recurrent ulcer bleeding. KEY WORDS: Peptic ulcel"s, effective management, endoscopy thempy, antibiotics, p•·oton pump inhibitors.
Assessment of Prescribing Attitudes and Practices Among Recognized Prescribers in KIUTH and Kitagata Hospital.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences., 2011-08) Ileta, Nelson John
Background: Prescription practice is health care service implemented by a physician or other medical practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient; prescription practice may include orders to be performed by a patient caretaker, nurse, pharmacist or other therapist. Prescription is physician's order for the preparation and administration of a drug or device for a patient. A prescription has several parts. They include the superscription or heading with the symbol "R" or "Rx", which stands tor the word recipe (meaning, in Latin, to take). Prescription errors are becoming the major problem in many countries and drug resistance to medication is increasing in the world, impacting infection control effects and cost. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KlUTH), and Kitagata hospital in Bushenyi District of Uganda. 105 recognized prescribers were randomly selected. Results: It was noted that majority of the respondent 96(91%) said they are aware and are applying the prescription rules while the rest 9(9%) said they are not aware and are practicing prescription rule.
Effect of body mass index on pregnancy outcome at Kampala international university western campus: cohort study
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences Western Campus, 2011-11) Ritho, Benjamin Mathenge
The increasing population of overweight and obese women world-wide is a major public health concern now reaching epidemic proportions. Two thirds of these women are in the reproductive age which has critical consequences for fetal and maternal health. Maternal obesity has been shown to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as hypertension, diabetes , infections such a urinary tract infections (UTI), preterm labor, increased cesarean delivery; and poor neonatal outcomes such RDS, macrosomia and prematurity . Obesity thus results in increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality with increased costs of provision of healthcare. Objective This study was aimed at determining the effect of high maternal body mass index (BMI) i.e. ≥ 25 and gestational weight gain on pregnancy outcomes. Study setting The study was carried out at the Kampala International University Teaching Hospital labour ward Study design This study was designed as a hospital based cohort study Study population This was comprised of mothers coming to KIU-TH for delivery. A total of 60 women were recruited into the study, the exposed group were women with increased BMI i.e. >25 and the unexposed were women with normal BMI i.e. 18.5-24.9.The exposed were 31 in total and were further divided into overweight group (BMI 25-29.9) with 15 women and obese group (BMI 30-34.9) with 16 women. The unexposed were 29 in number.
Phytochemical Screening, Quantification and the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Methanolic Extract of Ocimum Gratissimum Leaves.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences., 2012-04) Rugalabamu, Felister
New Combination Methods of Detecting Drug Interaction and Monitoring Adverse Drug Reactions in "Close System Pharmacy".
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences., 2012-04) Nsooli, Oliver
Pharmacovigilance is an essential phenomenon in the rational use of medicine, providing information about ADR in general population. Tracking ADR in" close system pharmacy" which has relied on use of yellow forms and feed back following exposure to drugs has been inadequate. Alternative methods are therefore required. In the present study, the use of a combination of two methods to determine possible interactions prior to dispensing and adverse drug reactions following exposure to drugs was evaluated using computer software and mobile phone technology. Two hundred and thirty randomly selected prescriptions were evaluated and carried a total of 660 drugs. Antibiotics (34%), analgesics(23%), vitamin(l4.1 %) and antimalarials(? .I%) drugs were most commonly prescribed to the patients enrolled in the study. Prescriptions of atleast 3 drugs occurred in 152 patients with 32.6% ofthese patients exposed to exactly 3 drugs. Using Medscape software for drug interaction, 99(43%) prescriptions of 230 had interactions detected; (minor in 33, significant in 57 and a mix of both in 9). All patients enrolled carried at least one mobile phone with a service provider from four available in the region. Mean Effective contact ratio was 0.92 for drug reaction monitoring in the patients for fourteen days. Of the 230 patients monitored drug reaction was reported in 48%. Within the period of study, no yellow form was recorded in the hospital. No A b/2. ""o.-.s d<~-~ fTofn the r.epoy Jed. reacA lms · The finding from_ this suggests that use of soft ware service monitor for possible drug interactions and mobile phones presents a better compliment to use of yellow forms for tracking ADR monitoring in hospital setting.
Use of Mobile Phones for Monitoring Adverse Drug Reactions in "Open System Pharmacy" in Ishaka, Bushenyi District.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences., 2012-04) Babirye, Jackie
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are significant causes of morbidity and mortality and may cause many hospitalizations leading to large economic burdens to patients and to society. Postmarketing surveillance offers assessment of drug released to the market in different categories of people, other than those in whom the drug was tested. However dmg reactions are currently little or not monitored from the open system pharmacy comprising of community pharmacies and drug stores. This study evaluates the use of mobile phone technology to report ADRs following drug exposure in Ishaka municipality. Purchase of medicines was actively monitored for 8 weeks in two community pharmacies (CP) and five drug stores. Information on experience of drug reactions was obtained by mobile telephone from 190 clients who purchased medication during the 8 week period. A total of 420 drugs were purchased during the period. Antibiotics (35%), analgesics (20.5%) and antimalarials (7.1%) were the most frequently purchased medicines. Clients without prescriptions were 55.8% .The response to mobile phone monitoring of reactions to drugs was 96% in the first 24 hours (day 1) after purchase and decreased to 89.5% by day 4. 404 different incidences of drug reactions were reported by 108 (56.8%) participants followed up using mobile phone. There were no dmg reactions reported on day 7 and day 14. All the reactions were examined and classified as side effects of the drugs. There were no ADRs reported. 34% of the participants bought single drugs whereas 66% purchased more than one dmg. Of those who purchased more than one drug, drug interactions occurred in 24.8%. Of the different reactions reported, gastrointestinal (GIT) disturbances occurred more frequently ( 44.1 %) followed by central nervous system (CNS) effects (10.2%). There was no method of reporting drug reactions existing in the outlets examined. The findings from this study indicate that monitoring of drug reactions is essential in the system. Respondents were clearly willing to report any reaction to the drugs and the availability of a toll-free telephone line would facilitate pharmacovigilance and follow up of response to medicines in a resource-poor setting.
Retrospective assessment of the Opportunistic Infections among HIV/AIDS Patients Attending Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences., 2012-04) Mwandah, Daniel Chans
BACKGROUND People with advanced HIV I AIDS are vulnerable to infections and malignancies that are called opportunistic infections because they have a weakened immune system. Opportunistic infections continue to cause morbidity and mortality in patients with Human Immune Deficiency Virns (HIV)-1 infection. Some Ois only affect women or affect women more than men.Potent combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced the incidence of Ols for certain patients with access to care. However, certain patients in the developed and developing world do not have access to care and have Ois. OBJECTIVE To assess the occurrence of opportunistic infections among HIV I AIDS patients attending Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. METHODS A retrospective study covering the period of February 2011 to December 2011. Slovin's formula of sample size determination was used. The population size was 15,000 people, the calculated sample size was 390 people, However this sample size was small and thus was increased to a 1500 and every 1 O'h file was selected. RESULTS 65% females, 35% were males, married (55%), divorced (7%), 22% single, 16% widowed; 20% for WHO stage!, 5% for stage2, 4% for stage3, 8% for stage4. 39% had diarrhea, 28% missing OI, 7% had cryptococcosis, 6% had oral candidiasis, 5% tuberculosis and vaginal candidiasis, 4% herpes zoster, while 3% had herpes simplex, 2% had genital warts and 1% had esophageal candidiasis. Metronidazole and ciprofloxacin were most used drngs, others were nystatin suspension, fluconazole, amphotericin, acyclovir were represented by 5% of the total treatment, 3% represented nystatin pessaries, DOTS and vitamin B complex, 2% for clotrimazole cream and amitryptiline and 1% podophyllum resin. 72% of patients were on HAART, 27% on PreART and 1% on trnvada. CONCLUSION The highest percentage of patients with Ois were from WHO clinical stage one and this could me an important indicator to avoid these 0 Is by careful monitoring of patients in this stage. The drngs most commonly used for the Ois were metronidazole and ciprofloxacin for diarrhea and this call for more procurement of these drngs, so that they are readily available to treat the patients, however proper diagnosis should be done to establish the exact causative agent before treatment. The female gender had the highest percentage as compared to men, similarly, Married had the highest incidence as compared to the divorced thus the married require the health education about fidelity and faithfulness as a method to prevent more problems. The patients on HAART whose combinations contained a protease inhibitor had the lowest incidence of opportunistic infections.
Assessment of the quality and dissolution profiles of branded fixed dose artemether/ lumefantrine tablets sold at pharmacies in Kampala- Uganda
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences- Western Campus, 2012-04) Kidega, Francis Kimong
This study was done to evaluate the physicochemical properties, quality control parameters and the dissolution profiles of circulating samples of artemether/lumefantrine sold at Pharmacies in Kampala. The physicochemical parameters and assay of thirteen ( 13) brands of the products were assessed through the evaluation of uniformity of tablet weight, friability test, disintegration test and assay of active pharmaceutical ingredients according to established methods. The dissolution rate was determined according to the USP SALMOUS Standard. All brands complied with official requirements for uniformity of weight and friability. The disintegration time had higher time in artificial gastric medium relative to distilled water. Evaluation of content of active ingredients revealed that 38.5 percent of tested samples were failing test for assay. With the exception of three brands, all the brands complied with the requirements for dissolution test. Overall, 54 percent of the brands conformed to all the compendia specifications and 46 percent were substandard. Future studies should test for a greater number of samples per batch, aim at comparing dissolution profile in various biological medium and investigate reasons for poor dissolution performance of some brands.

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