School of Engineering & Applied Sciences

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Modelling of energy consumption for telecommunication base stations in Western Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2023) Aceronga Kwocan
Recently, the need for network coverage both in rural and urban areas of Uganda has grown significantly. This increase calls for more implementation of Base stations for the end users to transmit and receive calls and data. This rise in need of coverage results to increase in energy consumption as well. Power consumption rises as traffic does; however this scenario varies from geolocation to geolocation because sites in rural and urban areas have variable traffic loads. Therefore, in order to address various power consumption issues, it is necessary to analyze these sites and offer a model that network operators can employ. This study took into account the impact of traffic load on the energy consumption both in rural and urban locations in Western Uganda. Measurements of power consumption under real time traffic were taken from six urban and rural sites in Western Uganda over a period of 28 days. The data were analyzed with Microsoft EXCEL Software and models developed using MATLAB Software. Regression models are used to examine these effects of traffic load on power consumption. Based on measurements taken for twenty-eight days at six urban and rural sites, linear regression models have been presented. The findings showed that both rural and urban BTS were well-fitted by the suggested linear models. Depending on the layouts of the sites, it was found that energy consumption varied along with traffic, with the number of transceivers present having an impact on both the traffic load and energy consumption. Regardless of the site architecture, we can use linear regression to adequately characterize consumption at the BTS.
Report On The Techno-Economic Assessment Of A Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic – Diesel Genset For Rural Electrification Case Study Of Namabasa Village – Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2023) Mutilu Joseph
This study presents a techno –economic analysis of a Mini grid solar photovoltaic system for five (5) typical Zonal Communities in Namabasa ward Mbale District while promoting renewable energy system adaption and rural electrification. The assessment technique includes the establishment of the socio-economic state of the rural community through a field survey. The cost of system development ,electricity tariffs and sizing of energy production are realized via the Levelized Cost of Electricity ( LCOE) technique Sensitivity analysis was carried out to identity the parameters that affect the evolution of the (LCOE) during the life of the project, the results have shown that the annual energy production at a rate of 12,693.2 Mwh/year and capacity of 1449kW, while the lowest is predict at Namabasa Zone II at the rate of 2847MWh/year a capacity of 325KW where business consumers. The standard (LCOE) for system during the 15-year lifespan in the five (5) zones is estimated 350/= per KWh except at Doko II, this cost per Kilowatt Hour is more attractive and competitive compared with the current rate charged by the National electricity company.
Performance Analysis Of An Optical Fiber Communication Link: A Ugandan Case Study
(Kampala International University, 2023) Shabiluh Asaba
This research work presents the performance analysis of an optical fiber communication link. This is because optical fibre communication faces an issue of high latency, which later reduces the throughput and also causes frame losses which affects the quality of Experience on the customer side as the parameters (frame loss, throughput, latency and packet jitter) do not normally conform with the defined Standards by ITU and IEEE. This research work presents a performance analysis of throughput, latency, frame loss rates and packet jitter tests on a telecommunication company in Uganda with the Viavi test kit. The obtained results were compared with the standard defined by IEEE and ITU for conformity. Some of the results conformed with the defined standards where as others did not fit for different reasons which include congestion of the link, faulty hardware on the network, poor quality of the fiber cable, and the distance covered by the optical fiber link. The mitigation measures for the above causes were also discussed in this research work which include upgrading the connection's bandwidth, ensuring the use of quality fiber cables, regular maintenance to sight out the faulty components on the link, and employment of several repeaters on long-distance optical fiber links. For seamless optical fiber communication there is need to test and validate the key performance indicators of throughput, packet jitter, frame loss and latency. Knowing the performance of a given optical fiber communication network improves quality of service by the providers and quality of customer experience. The set-out objectives in this research work were largely met and the research questions of the work were answered. Origin pro software was used to analyze and present the results obtained.
Development of Anoptimum Beamforming Strategy For Outdoor Communication In Millimeterwave Wireless Sensor Network
(Kampala International University, 2023-03) OGWAL EMMANUEL
The millimeter wave (mm Wave) spectrum will be used by the next wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for wireless communication. The goal is to utilize the underutilized spectrum between the 30GHz and 300GHz band in order to prevent spectrum shortages and reduce traffic congestion in WSNs caused by bandwidth-hungry applications and services. Due to concerns with shadowing, blocking effects, and propagation losses related to atmospheric influence from rain and oxygen, mmWave deployment in WSNs for remote monitoring applications in outdoor locations is still a challenge. Using a two-split mix of analog beamforming and hybrid analog/digital beamforming, this study suggests the best beamforming approach to be used in mmWave WSNs for remote monitoring applications in order to counteract the extra propagation losses in mmWave outdoor conditions. Additionally, a relay-assisted mmWave WSN is suggested for signal transmission and receiving in order to counteract the signal fading effect brought on by obstructions. The results obtained from the study shows an improved beamforming gain that could offset the additional losses that occur in mmWave WSN outdoor environment and these results can guarantee improved connectivity and dependability when used in mmWave WSNs for remote monitoring applications in outdoor settings in the unlicensed, underutilized 60 GHz mmWave band.
On-Site Energy Utilization Evaluation of Telecommuncation Base Station A Case Study of Western Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2023-03) Aceronga Kwocan
The need for network coverage both in rural and urban areas of Uganda has grown significantly in the past few years. This increase calls for more implementation of Base stations for the end users to transmit and receive calls and data, as of March 2022, there were 30.6 million mobile phone subscriptions and over 4300 base station sites, this is increasing weekly as network operators continues implementing more base stations to feed the need of subscribers. This rise in need of coverage results to increase in energy consumption as well. Power consumption of cellular communication is increasing rapidly. Power consumption rises as traffic does; however this scenario varies from geolocation to geolocation because sites in rural and urban areas have variable traffic loads. Therefore, in order to address various power consumption issues, it is necessary to analyze these sites and offer a model that network operators can employ. This study took into account the impact of traffic load on the energy consumption both in rural and urban locations in western Uganda. Because prior models did not adequately account for the impact of traffic load on both rural and urban sites. Regression models are used to examine these effects of traffic load on power consumption. Based on measurements taken for twenty-eight days at six urban and rural sites, linear models have been presented. The findings showed that both rural and urban BTS were well-fitted by the suggested linear models. Depending on the layouts of the sites, it was found that energy consumption varied along with traffic, with the number of transceivers present having an impact on both the traffic load and energy consumption. Regardless of the site architecture, we can use linear regression to get a steadier energy consumption at the BTS.
Development Of An Optimum Beamforming Strategy For Outdoor Communication In Millimeter Wave Wireless Sensor Network
(Kampala International University, 2023-03-22) Emmanuel Ogwal
The millimeter wave (mm Wave) spectrum will be used by the next wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for wireless communication. The goal is to utilize the underutilized spectrum between the 30GHz and 300GHz band in order to prevent spectrum shortages and reduce traffic congestion in WSNs caused by bandwidth-hungry applications and services. Due to concerns with shadowing, blocking effects, and propagation losses related to atmospheric influence from rain and oxygen, mmWave deployment in WSNs for remote monitoring applications in outdoor locations is still a challenge. Using a two-split mix of analog beamforming and hybrid analog/digital beamforming, this study suggests the best beamforming approach to be used in mmWave WSNs for remote monitoring applications in order to counteract the extra propagation losses in mmWave outdoor conditions. Additionally, a relay-assisted mmWave WSN is suggested for signal transmission and receiving in order to counteract the signal fading effect brought on by obstructions. The results obtained from the study shows an improved beamforming gain that could offset the additional losses that occur in mmWave WSN outdoor environment and these results can guarantee improved connectivity and dependability when used in mmWave WSNs for remote monitoring applications in outdoor settings in the unlicensed, underutilized 60 GHz mmWave band.
Report On The Techno-Economic Assessment of a Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic – Diesel Genset Forrural Electrification Case Study of Namabasa Village – Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2023-04) Mutilu Joseph
This study presents a techno –economic analysis of a Mini grid solar photovoltaic system for five (5) typical Zonal Communities in Namabasa ward Mbale District while promoting renewable energy system adaption and rural electrification. The assessment technique includes the establishment of the socio-economic state of the rural community through a field survey. The cost of system development ,electricity tariffs and sizing of energy production are realized via the Levelized Cost of Electricity ( LCOE) technique Sensitivity analysis was carried out to identity the parameters that affect the evolution of the (LCOE) during the life of the project, the results have shown that the annual energy production at a rate of 12,693.2 Mwh/year and capacity of 1449kW,while the lowest is predict at Namabasa Zone II at the rate of 2847MWh/year a capacity of 325KW where business consumers.The standard (LCOE) for system during the 15-year lifespan in the five (5) zones is estimated 350/= per KWh except at Doko II,this cost per Kilowatt Hour is more attractive and competitive compared with the current rate charged by the National electricity company.
Report On The Techno-Economic Assessment of a Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic – Diesel Genset Forrural Electrification Case Study of Namabasa Village – Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2023-04) Mutilu Joseph
This study presents a techno –economic analysis of a Mini grid solar photovoltaic system for five (5) typical Zonal Communities in Namabasa ward Mbale District while promoting renewable energy system adaption and rural electrification. The assessment technique includes the establishment of the socio-economic state of the rural community through a field survey. The cost of system development ,electricity tariffs and sizing of energy production are realized via the Levelized Cost of Electricity ( LCOE) technique Sensitivity analysis was carried out to identity the parameters that affect the evolution of the (LCOE) during the life of the project, the results have shown that the annual energy production at a rate of 12,693.2 Mwh/year and capacity of 1449kW,while the lowest is predict at Namabasa Zone II at the rate of 2847MWh/year a capacity of 325KW where business consumers.The standard (LCOE) for system during the 15-year lifespan in the five (5) zones is estimated 350/= per KWh except at Doko II,this cost per Kilowatt Hour is more attractive and competitive compared with the current rate charged by the National electricity company.
Reliability Study of Electrical Distribution Network in Kampala East
(Kampala International University, 2023-04) Nalima Joshua
This research focuses on the reliability study of the electrical distribution network in Kampala East which is connected to Lugogo, Nakawa, Kireka and Ntinda substations. The network is unable to supply its customers with reliable power at all times. Methodology involves data identification, collection, cleaning, analyzing and interpretation. Other methods include determination of reliability indices, identification of causes of supply interruptions and improvement of reliability through network reconfiguration by placement of sectionalizing and tie-line switches on feeders. Depending on the reliability study outcome, the electrical distribution network in Kampala East has customer hours lost (SAIDI) of 8.34 per month per customer, number of outages per month per customer (SAIFI) is 5.65 hours, Energy not served (ENS) to customers of 2.14 GWh per month and Faults resolution time (CAIDI) of 1.58 hours. These values indicate the areas of Kampala East still has reliability problems to deal with and does not agree with the 2022 target set by the utility company Umeme and the Uganda Regulatory Authority (ERA). The major cause of reliability problems in this area are the interruptions due to unplanned shutdowns. In this study, through appropriate combinations of opening of sectionalizing and closing of tie-line switches on feeders, the reliability is improved to 4.18 customers hours lost per month per customer and the number of outages per month per customer is 5.35, the energy not served of 0.18 GWh and faults resolution time of 0.84 Hours.
Evaluation Of The Energy Content Of Municipal Solid Waste From Kabagarame Dumping Site In Bushenyi District, Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2023-05) Mutungirehi Faisal
Poor municipal solid waste management poses a very big threat to the environment as well as human health through production of leachate and greenhouse gas emissions. Modern management of waste around the world has moved from waste disposal to energy recovery through WtE; thermal conversion processes such as incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, biochemical conversion processes and chemical conversion. This study focuses on the Calorific Value of Municipal solid waste at Kabagarame dumping site in the district of Bushenyi, Uganda. Specifically, wet solid waste samples were characterized, the heating value of the wastes was determined and the impact of moisture content on the heating value was evaluated. Representative municipal solid waste samples were determined in accordance with the ASTM D5231. 1.5 kg of wet solid waste sample was picked from five different spots on a weekly basis for a period of thirteen weeks (May 2022-August 2022). These samples were then hand sorted into different categories; food waste, mixed paper, plastic, glass, wood, other organics(excluding wood, plastic, food waste & mixed paper)and other inorganics(excluding glass),weighed and then taken to the laboratory to determine the calorific value of the samples using a bomb calorimeter. The study results revealed that other organics comprise the biggest proportion of (45.25 %), food waste (24.17 %), and other inorganics (12.54 %), followed by plastics (11.38 %), and mixed paper (2.88 %), glass of all kinds (2.36 %) and wood of all kinds (1.42 %) with anoverall energy content of 16.42 MJ/kg on dry matter basis. This energy can be harnessed by different production facilities particularly Tea factories in the region through incineration process so as to generate heat necessary for their production processes. The findings also suggest that understanding the composition of municipal solid waste is essential for creating the best disposal strategy for recovering resources trapped in the wastes.
Performance Analysis Of An Optical Fiber Communication Link: A Ugandan Case Study
(Kampala International University, 2023-05) Asaba Shabiluh
This research work presents the performance analysis of an optical fiber communication link. This is because optical fibre communication faces an issue of high latency, which later reduces the throughput and also causes frame losses which affects the quality of Experience on the customer side as the parameters (frame loss, throughput, latency and packet jitter) do not normally conform with the defined Standards by ITU and IEEE. This research work presents a performance analysis of throughput, latency, frame loss rates and packet jitter tests on a telecommunication company in Uganda with the Viavi test kit. The obtained results were compared with the standard defined by IEEE and ITU for conformity. Some of the results conformed with the defined standards where as others did not fit for different reasons which include congestion of the link, faulty hardware on the network, poor quality of the fiber cable, and the distance covered by the optical fiber link. The mitigation measures for the above causes were also discussed in this research work which include upgrading the connection's bandwidth, ensuring the use of quality fiber cables, regular maintenance to sight out the faulty components on the link, and employment of several repeaters on long-distance optical fiber links.For seamless optical fiber communication there is need to test and validate the key performance indicators of throughput, packet jitter, frame loss and latency. Knowing the performance of a given optical fiber communication network improves quality of service by the providers and quality of customer experience.The set-out objectives in this research work were largely met and the research questions of the work were answered. Origin pro software was used to analyze and present the results obtained.
Reliability Study of Electrical Distribution Network In Kampala East
(Kampala International University, 2023-05) Nalima Joshua
This research focuses on the reliability study of the electrical distribution network in Kampala East which is connected to Lugogo, Nakawa, Kireka and Ntinda substations.The network is unable to supply its customers with reliable power at all times.Methods used in this research involves data identification, collection, cleaning, analyzing and interpretation. Also conductedare determination of reliability indices, identification of causes of supply interruptions and improvement of reliability. Depending on the reliability study outcome, the electrical distribution network in Kampala East has customer hours lost (System Average Interruption Duration Index) of 8.34 per month per customer, number of outages per month per customer (System Average Interruption Frequency Index) is 5.65 hours, Energy not served to customers of 2.14 GWh per month and Faults resolution time (Customer Average Interruption Duration Index) of 1.58 hours. The major cause ofinterruptionsare system faults and emergency shutdowns. In this study, Reconfiguring network through use of appropriate combinations of opening of sectionalizing(normally -Closed) switches and closing of tie-line (normally- Open)switches on feeders, the reliability is improved to 4.18 customers hours lost per month per customer and the number of outages per month per customer is 5.35, the energy not servedof 0.18 GWh and faults resolution timeof 0.84 Hours. This gives percentage improvements of 49.88%, 5.31%, 54.2%, and 88.61% in SAIDI, SAIFI, ENS and CAIDI respectively.The current level of reliability of electrical distribution network in Kampala East exceeds the target set by the regulator for 2022.
Evaluating Construction Management Practices and Procument Standards In The Upgrade of Health Centres In The Bunyoro Sub-Region. A Case Study Of: Ministry Of Health
(Kampala International University, 2023-05) Kasaija John
Successful completion of projects in the construction industry remains a difficult task at all levels. However, the members involved in the construction team are sometimes constrained because the projects are influenced by several factors that differ, which range from internal to external factors. There has been a delay in upgrading health centers II to III in the Bunyoro Sub-Region. The research focused on evaluating the construction management practices and procurement standards in the upgrade of health centers II to III in the Bunyoro Sub-region. The objectives of the study were; to examine the level of construction management practices in the upgrade of health centers, to determine the level of procurement standards in the upgrade, to establish the relationship between construction management practices and procurement standards, and to analyze the acquired data and recommend a possible approach of improvement of the construction and procurement practices in the stated region. The study used both Quantitative and Qualitative approaches with descriptive and correlational research designs. Data were collected from 99 respondents using a questionnaire and a checklist sampling is both purposive and snowball.The study found a high level ofcontract planning and procurement standards with (aggregate mean = 3.17). This suggested that contract planning and procurement standards influenced the upgrade of health center construction projects in the Bunyoro sub-region. The study found a low level of contract implementation and procurement standards (aggregate mean = 1.83). The study found a low level of contract monitoring and procurement standards with (aggregate mean = 2.15). The study found a weak positive relationship between construction management practices and procurement standards in the upgrade of health centers by the Ministry of Health in the Bunyoro sub-region with (r = 0.489, p = 0.0000 ≤ 0.05). The findings suggest that procurement standards will improve when construction management practices Contract Planning, Implementation and Monitoring are put in place.However, successful completion of public Construction projects depends on both internal and external factors.
Performance analysis of a hybrid solar photovoltaic - grid water pumping system for National Water and Sewerage Corporation- Western Uganda.
(Kampala International University, 2023-05) Katongole Ismail
This thesis illustrated a comprehensive study of using a hybrid solar PV-grid water pumping system. This system is applied on Kashaka-Bubaare community located in Western Uganda which has an average water consumption of 240m3/day. This study provided detailed system sizing and economic assessment. Sizing such a system for solar PV wascarried out by using software tool such as MATLAB /Simulink software. A 115 m deep well with capacity of 12m3/hour 7500W pump, with a solar PV capacity of 17500W The results showed that the solar PV supply would supply 72m3/hour of water for 6hours to steel elevated tank of 300m3 capacity .The 168m3 water supply was powered by grid supply system, hence the system ensure a sustained energy saving management system while ensuring constant water supply by reduced cost of power supply from grid during pumping tines for off peak tariff of 356.9 Ugandashillings while shoulder and peak periods of 584.6 Uganda shillings and 788.8 Uganda shillings respectively, the solar PV is applied to pump water. The economic assessment of the hybrid solar PV –grid system when compared to Solar PV alone (standalone) and the grid supply alone ,showed the that NPV for the hybrid solar PV-grid is 220,227 Uganda shillings compared to the NPV of 127,874 Uganda shillings and 152,065 Uganda shillings for solar PV and grid respectively. TheLevelised cost of energy (LCOE) for the hybrid solar PV –grid system was 3.63057 Uganda shillings/KWh compared to the solar PV (standalone) with 4.22507 Uganda shillings /KWh and grid only with 5.01026 Uganda shillings /KWh, which indicated the that hybrid system is more feasible to implement due to higher NPV and low LCOE compared to solar PV and grid only. Therefore this justifies the application of the hybrid system in different scenarios other than water pumping systems.
Assess the Impact of Frequent Power Outages on Crude Oil Production In Oil and Gas Industry; A Case Study GPOC Concession Blocks, Unity State, South Sudan
(Kampala International University, 2023-05) John Kong Riak Luak
The power system has characteristic of unpredictable nature and prospect of failure at any stage whether in generating or transmission. These unexpected outages severely affected the production and critical services. The purpose of power system is to meet the customers’ demands and maintain threshold standard while supplying an adequate, affordable and balance three-phase power. GPOC concession block experienced unprecedent frequent power outages that caused idled of production equipment and resulted in production deferment. The main objective of the research study is to explore the impact frequent power outages and propose solutions to power system network to enhance crude oil production. The mixed methods were used to evaluated the impact of frequent power outages in the field and additional to mixed methods, the researcher used production data records reviewed, electrical equipment profile and power outage function to ascertained the deferment and evaluated the impact of interruption on the equipment. The record showed that the annual deferment for oilfields specifically Toma south oilfield was 156,703 barrels of crude oil that represented 1.81% of total capacity production, Eltoor oilfield annual deferment was obtained to be 616,027 barrels of crude oil that represented 21.61% from the field crude oil output capacity and the deferment for Unity oilfield was 767,953 barrel represented 11.16% and same losses were reflected for Elnar oilfield with 1,001,562 barrels of crude oil production deferment that represented 35.90%, and finally Munga oilfield data showed that 217,707 barrels of crude oil deferment were not utilized that represented 13.61% of field capacity. The consortium unearned 2,759,952 barrels deferment and in monetarily, the company would have deposited 180M USD at rate of 60 dollar per barrel in international market for Nile blend type. The evidences from evaluation of the power outages cost impacted on electrical components susceptible to damages and replaced equipment show that the company has lost in monetarily term for Eltoor 929,160 USD, Munga 1,060,360 USD, Elnar 1,191,560 USD, Toma south 1,913,160 and Unity 3,684,360 USD. The GPOC needs revamp the depreciated electrical infrastructure and provision of metering sensors that alert the operators before faults, interruption or any major breakdown occur on networks.
Modeling And Simulation Of Hybrid Solar-Wind Energy System Using Mppt Algorithm
(Kampala International University, 2023-08) Mugarura Ambrose
As global energy demands continue to escalate, solar and wind energy stand as the two eminently widespread and extensively harnessed inexhaustible sources for power generation. Their inexhaustible availability and environmentally benign attributes make them particularly desirable. However, the intermittency inherent in wind and solar resources introduces challenges to their reliability and power quality. The intermittent nature of these sources has implications for the stability and dependability of power grids. This necessitates a strategic approach to their integration into power grids to avert instability and ensure reliability. This study focuses on the implementation of the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) approach for optimizing solar photovoltaic systems and wind energy systems. The primary goal is to extract maximum power from these hybrid systems and facilitate their seamless integration into electrical grids. The approach includes the use of an adaptive MPPT algorithm alongside conventional perturb and observe techniques. The system accommodates dual supply sources, allowing for independent or simultaneous load supply contingent on available energy sources. The mechanical output of the wind energy source and the photovoltaic cell operating voltage significantly influence the performance of the hybrid system. The integration of wind turbines incorporates a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PSMG) to facilitate the conversion of energy and an inverter for transforming output into functional alternating current. The hybrid solar-wind energy system is designed to function under normal operating conditions, encompassing standard wind speeds and ambient temperatures. The findings of this research, demonstrated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations, indicate that the proposed hybrid solar-wind energy system effectively employs MPPT to track and harness the maximum power points of wind and solar sources. This system's adaptability and performance are validated across varying weather conditions and temperatures, showcasing its capacity to address the energy demand over diverse scenarios
Investigating the effect of manual metal arc welding parameters on tensile strength for the welded heterogeneous steel plates
(Kampala International University, 2023-08) Wanazusi Titus
Welding describes a joining process by which two metal workpieces are joined together to form a joint with application of heat or pressure or a combination of both heat and pressure. Arc welding represents the class of welding processes which involve meting base metals at contacting surfaces to create a joint. Manual metal arc welding (MMAW), also known as stick welding, is the most popular arc welding method that uses a consumable flux electrode to generate an electric arc that fuses the base metal. Advancement in welding technology necessitates joining heterogeneous metals of low and high-carbon steel grades. In this study, AISI1018 low and AIS4340 medium carbon steels are welded using Manual Metal Arc Welding method. AISI1018 is a low-carbon steel known for its good weldability and moderate strength, commonly used in applications that require parts with excellent machinabilities and strength like fabrication of metallic doors, window grills. AISI4340 on the other side is a medium carbon steel that offers considerable strength and appreciable resistance to corrosion which makes it suitable for applications such as transmission shafts, gears and pressure vessels. However, AISI4340 welding yields high spatter, associated with porosity, incomplete fusion, and shallow penetration defects. This research focuses on investigating the influence of various manual metal arc welding parameters such as welding current, electrode angle, and weld orientation on the tensile strength of welded heterogeneous steel plates. Experimental variations of welding current, electrode position, and weld orientation MMAW input parameters were essential for the best weld quality. The experiments were planned using the Full Factorial design (FFD). Experimental results were analyzed using Minitab software version 21.3 (64-bit) with inbuilt ANOVA and regression analysis. The optimized condition was observed at tensile strength=101.90 MPa, with corresponding parameter values as follows: welding current=80A, electrode position=90o, and weld orientation=30o. Welding heterogeneous metals of low and high carbon steel grades resulted in increased tensile strength of weldments as the welding current increased. The weld bead height increased with an increase in welding current, electrode position, and weld orientation. By conducting a systematic analysis of welding current, electrode angle, and other relevant parameters, this study will provide valuable insights into the relationship between welding parameters and tensile strength for heterogeneous steel plate weldments.
Assessing vulnerability of environment and communities around the dumpsite: A case study of Lira City
(Kampala International University, 2023-08) Ogwang Nickson
High rate of population growth of Lira city is one of the key drivers of challenges of solid waste management. Human activities lead to generation of a huge volume of waste and the method the wastes are collected, kept, transported and disposed can pose a high risk to environment and human health. The aim of this study was to assess the vulnerability of environment and communities around Aler dumpsite, Lira city, in Uganda, through the characterization of waste, quantification of pollutants in dumpsite leachate, water resources around the dumpsite, soil and crops and perception and evaluation of people living closer and far from dumpsite. Quantity of waste was obtained by getting number of trips dumped by each truck in 6 months and a waste wise city tool was used to characterize waste. Laboratory analysis was conducted on landfill leachate, soil, crops and water sources for different parameters including heavy metals, nutrients (P, N, K), BOD, COD, e-coli, turbidity and electrical conductivity. The results revealed that about 7.38 tons of waste was dumped at the dumpsite daily. This waste comprised on average; organic; 68.6%, metals; 7.1%, glass 2.5%, paper, 8.7%, plastic; 7.4%, rubber; 3.9% and others; 1.8%. The concentration of heavy (metals, lead, zinc, cadmium and nickel), organic matter (BOD, COD) and nutrients (N, P, K) all were found to be high in leachate above the WHO discharge standard. The same was found for water, soil and crops samples. This reveal that leachate from the dumpsite pollute the water sources soil, and crops. Evaluation of perceptions of people exposed (living within 100m–1 km) and less exposed (living within 1–2 km) from the dumpsite regarding environmental and health problems showed that over 50% of people exposed to dumpsite indicated serious pollution of air, water and soil linked to dumpsite. People exposed to dumpsite than those who are less exposed, frequently reported illnesses such as stomachache, headache, and irritation of eye, skin and nose. Over (70%) of people exposed indicated fear of illness due to dumpsite. Therefore, the study recommends re-design of the current dumpsite into a sanitary landfill, which offer a systematic collection of leachate and its treatment before its discharge into the environment. Government also should provide a water treatment facility, which supply to the Lira citizen potable water, since the current sources used without treatment contain heavy metals. Either relocation of the people living closer to the dumpsite or relocating the dumpsite to somewhere far from the residents could reduce their vulnerability and could improve their health and moral (wellbeing).
Energy Audit of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Western Campus Ishaka – Bushenyi, Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2023-10) Mwesigwa Fred
The population increase has increased energy demand leading to energy shortage and increase in greenhouse gas emissions and therefore has raised many worries worldwide about current trends in energy consumption. Strategies to reduce energy consumption in the world have been carried out hence leading to energy audit. Energy audit is a study of a plant or facility to determine how and where energy is used and to identify methods for energy saving. The energy demand per annum of Kampala international university teaching hospital continues to be high (393297.5 kWh in 2019 and 293668.4 kWh in 2020) which has led to increased expenditure on energy and increased use of fossil fuels. If the problem is not solved, it will lead to more expenditure on energy and increased production of greenhouse gasses and global warming. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the energy consumption of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital Western Campus by energy auditing. Information on the departmental energy consumption was gathered and intensive analysis was done. It was discovered that the housing quarters of workers in the premises of the hospital consumed most compared to other parts.
Thermal And Mechanical Properties Of Banana Rhizome - Charcoal And Sawdust - Charcoal Briquettes
(Kampala International University, 2023-11) Ndahagire Babon
Briquetting process is one of the basic ways to utilize the huge and abundant agricultural residues. This involves collecting agricultural wastes that are less in density, compressing them into consumable solid fuels into appropriate shapes. The excessive use of fossil fuels and natural gas has led to serious environmental issues and deforestation. This study focused on the production of briquettes from Sawdust and banana rhizomes with charcoal with varying concentrations of 0%, 20%,30%,40% and 50% and as well determination of the thermal and mechanical properties to ascertain its suitability for domestic and industrial application. Samples were collected, chopped, ground, pre- heated and sieved and mixed with clay binder and compressed by hand into fist size briquettes. All tests followed the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Tests performed were moisture content determination, volatile matter, water absorption, drop strength, bulky density, burning rates and calorific values. The results showed that moisture content ranged from 4.8%–6.7% and 5.1% - 7.2% for sawdust and banana rhizome based briquettes respectively; volatile matter was12% for sawdust and 16% for banana rhizome briquettes. The shattering index ranged from 52.7 % - 95% and 45% - 91% for sawdust and banana rhizome based briquettes respectively. Calorific value ranged from (20.3 – 28.8) MJ//Kg and (17.8 – 24.7) MJ/kg for banana and for sawdust based briquettes respectively. The results obtained indicate that all produced briquettes have potential for use at domestic and industrial applications. The production of briquettes from banana rhizome and sawdust are feasible. Some of the briquettes produced compared favorably with other briquettes produced from other biomass.

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