Diploma in Clinical Medicine and Community Health(DCM)

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    Prevalence of malaria among pregnant mothers attending antenatal care at Atutur Hospital Kumi District Uganda
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017) Akol, Tophistar
    This chapter deals with background of the study, global malaria burden, burden of malaria in pregnancy in Africa, burden of malaria in pregnancy in Uganda, problem statement, study objectives, research questions, study justification, conceptual frame work and scope of the study. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Globally, Malaria is a life threatening parasitic disease transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. More than 40% of the world population lives in malarias areas(World Health Organisation., 2010). According to the report, there were 212 million new cases of malaria worldwide in 2015 (range 148–304 million). The WHO African Region accounted for most global cases of malaria (90%), followed by the South-East Asia Region (7%) and the Eastern Mediterranean Region (2%) (WHO, 2016a). In 2015, there were an estimated 429 000 malaria deaths (range 235 000–639 000) worldwide (WHO, 2016a). Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health Problem in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world (WHO, 2010). The burden of malaria infection during pregnancy is Caused mainly by Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), the most common malaria species in Africa (World Health Organisation., 2010). P. falciparum infection in pregnancy leads to parasite sequestration in the maternal placental vascular space, with consequent maternal anemia and infant low birth weight (LBW) due to both prematurity and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Malaria control still remains a challenge in Africa where 45 countries, including Nigeria, are endemic for malaria, and about 588 million people are at risk (World health organization, 2013). The protection of pregnant women living in malaria-endemic countries has been of particular interest to many National Malaria Control Programme because of their reduced immunity. Most cases of malaria in pregnancy in areas of stable malaria transmission are asymptomatic (Wellington, 2009). To assess the magnitude of the burden of malaria in pregnancy and its contribution to infant mortality, we evaluated data from published and unpublished studies during the last 15 years (1990–2005) and focus on sub-Saharan Africa, where data are most available. Because of the multiple pathways for the chain of events between maternal malaria infection and infant mortality, we specifically sought studies that evaluate malaria, anemia, and HIV infection and their contribution to low birth weight and potentially to infant mortality. There is a paucity of population-based data on malaria in pregnancy in settings of low malaria endemicity. Between 2010 and 2015, malaria incidence rates (new malaria cases) fell by 21% globally and in the African Region. During this same period, malaria mortality rates fell by an estimated 29% globally and by 31% in the African Region (WHO, 2016a).
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    Factors contributing to low utilization of postnatal services among mothers at maternal and child health clinic Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017) Atine, James
    The postnatal is defined by the World Health Organization as the period beginning one hour after delivery of the placenta and continuing until six weeks after the birth of an infant. The objectives of the study were as follows To determine the socio-economic factors associated with low utilization of post natal care services at KIUTH. To identify cultural factors associated with low utilization of postnatal care services at KIUTH. To find out hospital facility related factors associated with low utilization of post natal care services at KIUTH. A cross-sectional hospital- based study design was used to conduct the study among 140 mothers attending maternal and child health clinic in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital during the study period and only those who consent to participate in the study. The results indicated that majority of the participants 66(47.1%) were between 21 and 30 years old and most of them 58(41.4%) attained school up to secondary level. A high proportion 120(85.7%) of the participants were married and majority 75(53.6%) were farmers. Furthermore, majority of the participants 70(50%) said that their husbands were not supportive to them and also most of them were moving a distance of between 1 and 2 Kilometers from home to the health facilities. From the results the government should increase the staffing of health units such that mothers can be encouraged to attend postnatal care services. Health workers should do more health education to mothers especially during their antenatal visits about a need for earlier attend postnatal care services after delivery. Mothers who deliver from health centers should be encouraged to attend post natal care service and they can be encouraged to bring their husbands so that they both can be health educated about the health of the mother and the child. The government should use mass media like radios, televisions to encourage mothers to utilize postnatal services in increased numbers.
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    Assessment of knowledge, attitude and prevalence of mothers towards exclusive breast-feeding at postnatal clinic of Kampala International University –Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi District
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017) Okwiri, Peter
    Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the practice of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, in addition to its continuation with the addition of supplementary foods until 2 years or more (World Health Organization, 2008). Aim: To assess the level of knowledge and attitude of mothers towards exclusive breast-feeding at postnatal clinic of Kampala International University –Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi District. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design. Results: According to the findings of this study, the biggest number of respondents 38(44.19%) were in the age bracket of 26-30 years, 44(51.16%) were Banyankore by tribe, 65(75.58%) were married, 49(56.98%) were employed while only a third reported not to have attended formal education. The prevalence of EBF among women in this study was (55.17%) and the practice was found more among those aged between 26-30 (47.37%) and 31-35 (53.33%), Baganda (80.00%), Banyoro (62.50%), single women (52.38%), non-employed (72.97%) and those who never attended formal education. Nearly half of the respondents 48.26% had knowledge about exclusive breast feeding while majority of women in this study (54.53%) had a negative attitude towards EBF where 91.86% of the women believed that EBF causes the breasts to become flat, while 22.09% believed that EBF causes respiratory tract infections for the baby and 67.44% of the women were comfortable with extra feeding other than breast milk for a child less than 6 months. Conclusion: The prevalence of EBF among women in this study was low and the practice was found more among those aged above 26 years, Baganda and Banyoro, single women, non-employed and those who never attended formal education. On average, nearly half of the respondents had knowledge about exclusive breast feeding while majority of women in this study had a negative attitude towards EBF. Recommendations: Increased sensitization of mothers through health education talks at the health facilities. In addition, similar studies should also be carried but covering larger sample sizes.
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    Assessment of factors associated with late antenatal care attendance among pregnant women at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital Ishaka Bushenyi
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017) Ipulet, Benah
    BACKGROUND. Early initiation of antenatal care visits is an essential component of services to improving maternal and new born health. The Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UBOS, 2007, UDHS, 2006) conducted in 2006 and Uganda Bureau of Statistics conducted in 2007 indicated that 94% of women in rural areas being twice less likely to attend ANC than the urban women, only 8% of rural women in Uganda received ANC from a doctor. However, detailed study to identify factors associated with late initiation of care has not been conducted in KIU-teaching hospital. The aim of this study is to assess the factors associated with late ANC care attendance and to determine the proportion of women who attend late to ANC in KIU-teaching hospital. Methods: The study design will be cross-sectional, the study Participants will be pregnant women, nurses, administrators doctors; it will be conducted at Kampala international teaching hospital for a period of one month. Data was collected using pre-tested questionnaire and interview method. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with late first ANC with the level of significance set at 0.056. Results: A total of 156 women participated in the study; 100 (64.1%) of them came for their first ANC visit late, after 12 weeks of gestation. Most common reasons for coming late for first ANC were financial constraints (38.5%, 60) and long distance to the hospital (34.5%, 45). Factors associated with late start of first ANC, Traditional beliefs (25, 22.9%), Myths and misconceptions (05, 14.3%), Ignorance (02, 11.4%), Age (04, (17.1%), Conclusion: About half of pregnant women do not start ANC early in the first trimester largely due to large family size, low monthly income and long distance to the hospital, age, alternatives, poor quality of services, harassments from health workers. Keywords: Antenatal care, Late ANC, focused groups, attendees.
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    Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices of men towards accompanying their spouses for antenatal care at KIUTH Bushenyi District
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017-04) Tusimire, Mercy
    Back ground: Male involvement in reproductive health is a complex process of social, behavior emotional and psychological change that requires men to play more responsible role in reproductive health Males’ involvement in antenatal care through accompanying their spouses for antenatal care service has greatly reduced on mental mortality and mobility from pregnancy related complications. Significance of study: The study is aimed at .assessing the knowledge attitude and practices of men towards accompanying their spouses for antenatal care at KIUTH Bushenyi Uganda descriptive cross-section design quantize bin nature was used . Convenient sampling methods was employed to recruit sixty seven respondents Methods: Questionnaire was used for data collection and data was analyzed manually. Results: 67.2% of respondents stated that there was need for men to accompany their spouses for antenatal care services. 32.8% stated that it was not necessary for men to accompany their spouses from antenatal care services Conclusion: The research concluded that most of the men knew the importance for escorting their spouses for antenatal care service but they did not know they benefited from the services offered and their roles as far as antenatal care service are concerned
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    Prevalence and factors associated pneumonia among children below five years attending pediatric ward at Bushenyi health center IV, Bushenyi district.
    (Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences, 2017-06) Ogwang, Ambrosee
    INTRODUCTION: Pneumonia is a life threateni;ig lower respiratory tract infection caused by a variety of microorganisms that include viruses, bacteria, or fungi. In Uganda, pneumonia, along with malaria and diarrhea, is a leading cause of death among children. STUDY OBJECTIVE: The main objective was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with pneumonia among Children below 5 years attending Pediatrics ward at Bushenyi Health Center IV between the months of April and May 2017 .. METHOD: A mixed cross-sectional hospital based study was conducted usmg a prepared questionnaire in English language to collect demographic data, socioeconomic and economic risk factors. RESULTS: Out of 135 participants, 27.4% of the participants had pneumonia and 72.6% had no pneumonia. Socioeconomic factors were as, 78.5% of the study participants were from rural areas while 21.5% were urban dwellers. 34.1 % of the Mothers and 31.1 % fathers had not completed primary school. 23.7% of fathers and only 5.9% of mothers were still learning higher level program. 28.1 % fathers to these children were farmers. Ownership of household properties were TVs (57%), Radios (75.6%), cattle (48.9%), poultry (72.6%), Bicycles (71.9%). Environmental factors were as; Charcoal and wood where 45%, 0.7% use crop wastes. 61.5% live in non cemented houses, 99.2% of living rooms have at least one window, and 80% are separated from the living room. 23.7% on their mothers' back while cooking and 6.7% report smoking of whom 4.4% smoker the house. CONCLUSION: The present study has identified a comparatively high prevalence of pneumonia in O -5 years old children. It also pointed out modifiable risk factors of pneumonia as socio-economical status of the people and public health activities such as use of improved stoves for cooking should be implemented. RECOMMENDATION: The study recommends that while improving the socio-economical status of the people through the poverty eradication programmes is welcome, this can take a long time to bear fruit and also Use of firewood should be discouraged but instead alternative
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    Knowledge and practices on sexually transmitted infections among women of reproductive age (18-45 years old) attending Kampala International University Teaching Hospital
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017-06) Abdul, Karim Nasser
    BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) still stand as one of the commonest health problems affecting women of reproductive age. The knowledge and practices on STIs among susceptible populations such as women of reproductive age attending or visiting Kampala International University Teaching Hospital need to be established. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to determinethe knowledge and practices related to sexual transmitted infections among women of reproductive age between 18-45 years attending K.I.U-TH. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in March-April 2017 among women of reproductive age attending or visitingKampala International University Teaching Hospital. Data was collected using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire. A total of 170 women were enrolled in this study. The collected data was analysed manually and results recorded. The result of the study was presented by tables and percentages. RESULTS:Of the 170 volunteered female patients who participated in the study, 93(55%) had knowledge on STIs. The main source of information on STIswas dominantly from school136(80%).136(80%)believed that STIs are caused by virus and 127(75%) agreed that itching in the genital area is the major sign/symptom.136(80%) believed that having unprotected sex is the major practice that can lead to STIs followed by having multiple partners. 161(95%) agreed that testing partner before intercourse, abstinence and regular medical checkup are the major preventive measures to STIs as 119(70%) agreed that STIs can lead to infertility and miscarriage. CONCLUSION:Most of the participants knew about the causes, types, symptoms, predisposing factors and means of prevention of STIs, although a significant number did not know about the systemic effects or consequences of STIs to their body and some preventive measures. Majority of the participants didn't follow the appropriate behaviour patterns despite being knowledgeable about the various methods of prevention of STIs. Intensive educational campaigns to communities by providing information about STIs ensuring that the participants know the causes, practices, complications and ways how STIs can be prevented.
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    Peptic ulcer prevalence among patient attending Kampala International University Teaching Hospital in Ishaka Bushenyi Municipality
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017-06) Namugerwa, Juliana
    The study assessed the prevalence of peptic ulcer disease among patients attending of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital and the objectives of study were to find out the gender distribution of peptic ulcer disease and to find out which age group is more affected by peptic ulcer disease among patients attending of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital It was a retrospective study in which quantitative methods were used to collect data from the patients and later described, compared and analyzed different variables The study found out that PUD is highly prevalent among patients attending KIUTH (14.8%) and is highest among the middle age group of 31-40 years (32.7%), with females (66.7%) being more affected than males (33.3%). In conclusion, although some interventions have been put in place to manage PUD, its prevalence is still high and more interventions are required therefore the following were the recommendations made after the study, Community sensitization on causes of PUD should be enforced at hospitals and also better diagnostic techniques should be used for early diagnosis of PUD
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    Prevalence of malaria in pregnant women who attended Kampala International University Teaching Hospital between January 2015 and December 2015
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017-06) Nasasira, Innocent
    Introduction: Malaria is a life threatening parasitic disease transmitted by female anopheles’ mosquitoes. It is the most highly prevalent tropical disease, with high morbidity and mortality and high economic and social impact. Malaria is a major public health problem affecting between 300–500 million people annually (Guyatt et al, 2004.) Methodology: A cross-sectional retrospective study was carried out to assess the prevalence of malaria in pregnancy among pregnant women who attended Kampala International University Teaching Hospital with an objective of assessing the prevalence, preventive measures and outcomes of the condition. Results: A total of 53 cased were found to have developed the condition in the year 2015. Thus the prevalence for that year was found to be 5.4% (54 cased per 1000 pregnant women). The age group which was most affected was between 20 to 24 years. Women in their second trimester pregnancy had the highest rate of the condition (30.2%). Those in their third trimester were also the most affected (35.8%). Most women had taken the first dose of intermittent preventive therapy (52.8%) but only few had taken the second dose (26. 4%).The complications which were encountered were severe maternal anemia (9.4%), low birth weight (5%), preterm birth (4%), and fetal demise (2%) Conclusion: The study will reveal whether the community is aware of the ways of the transmission of the disease i.e. bites from the infected mosquito, whether they have knowledge on how to prevent the disease and also its possible outcomes i.e. complications. Recommendation People’s attitudes should be geared towards knowing that it is their responsibility to reduce the prevalence of malaria in pregnancy in the community by making preventive measure such as vector control by draining stagnant water and clearing bushes around their homes.
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    Assessment of the knowledge and practice of infection control among health workers at St. Daniel's Comboni Hospital
    (Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences- Western Campus, 2017-07) Mumbere, Samuel
    Background Compliance on the part of healthcare workers with standard precautions has been recognized as being an efficient means to prevent and control healthcare-associated infections. Such measures not only protect the patient, but also the HCWs and environment. Objective To assess knowledge, attitude and practice towards infection control measures among Heath workers at Comboni hospital Methods The study was conducted at Comboni Hospital, Southwest Uganda .Cross-sectional study design was employed. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 36 health workers that were available at the time of the study. Data was analyzed using Microsoft excel progran:uned. Results Health workers were fairly knowledgeable about infection prevention but ac!Ual practices "'ere far from acceptable. Conclusions/Recommendations Majority of health care workers' knowledge, attitude and practice toward standard precaution were not sufficient, favorable and safe enough to the expected standard. Strengthening and integrating universal precaution with routine serv ices through provision of training and introducing health care workers infection prevention standard of practice. protoco l. ru les. and regulation are recommended.
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    Factors affecting utilization of antenatal services among pregnant women aged 15-49 in Gombe sub-county, Butambala District Gombe hospital
    (Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2017-07) Disan, Munyaga
    This study aims at determinants affecting utilization of ANC services among pregnant women aged 15-49 years in Gombe sub county Butambala district in Gombe hospital. Usually services offered at the ANC clinic may include screening of infections, prevention of maternal child transmission of aids, screening of fetal anomalies, and prevention diseases to mother during pregnancy. This study was a hospital based across sectional and prospective study that was used in determining the factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care services. The researcher employed a simple random sampling method to obtain data for the research and data was analyzed manually, using Microsoft excel, calculator and by use of percentage for description and presented in form of tables and pie charts. Independent variables for this study include: age, marital status, level of education, type of place of residence and household wealth index. Results show that while age and marital status are consistently strong predictors in the utilization of all the ANC services considered in this study, other determinants generally vary in magnitude and level of significance by the type of ANC service- timing and number of antenatal visits. Age and marital status are significant in determining utilization of ANC services. Wealth and type of place of residence are more significant in determining the timing of antenatal visit than in determining the total number of antenatal visits. Similarly, the highest level of education is more significant in determining the total number of visits than in timing of antenatal visits.
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    The Perception, Attitude and Frequency towards Condom Use among Students in Kampala International University -Western Campus, Bushenyi District
    (Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences, Western campus, 2017-07) Lwanga, Arthur
    The role of male condom for both contraception and prevention of STis was established in Europe during the eighteenth century (Lewis, 2011). Its major role was family planning and control STis (Omach P, Osma Benjamin, et al. 201 la). In sub-Saharan Africa, family planning has saved lives of women and children and has improved their quality of life (World Health Organization, 2012). In Uganda, condoms have played a central role in the official HIV prevention strategy for over two decades (Vasha Kibirige, 2014a). PROBLEM STATEMENT In Uganda, the Ministry of Health's condom programme coordinator Vasha Kibirige (2014a) rep01ied that although Uganda requires 240 million condoms annuary, the public sector procures just half of that and some years, as few as 80 million. Recently, HIV within western region is said to having increased from 8% to 9% (MOH, 2016). METHODOLOGY In studying this phenomenon, the study used was quantitative with an exploratory cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted at Kampala International University-western campus located in Ishaka, Busenyi district along Mbarara-Kasese road opposite Basajjabalaba Primary and Secondary school with over 20,000 students from different parts of Africa. The Sample size was determined using a formula developed by WINE DANIEL which states that N= (Z-QP) / D2• Using this formula, the calculated sample size was I 00 students. Data collected was analyzed using calculators and computer applications like excel. RESULTS The results of the study showed that the general perception of students towards condom use was poor with most of them (59.4%) having a poor perception towards condom use and only 40.6% good perception. The general Attitude was fairly good with 58% of the students having good attitude and 42% having poor attitude. The general frequency of condom use was very poor with majority (50%) of students using condoms sometime. Only 22% used condoms always and the 28% did not use condoms. This group (28%) included majorly virgins.
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    The level of art adherence among HIV and aids patients attending Kilembe mines hospital art-clinic, Kasese district
    (Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2017-07) Latifa, Nankya
    Background: Introduction and adopted use of ART has shown reduction in HIV related mortality and morbidity in people with HIV/AIDS. However high levels of ART adherence (>95%) is required to achieve effective suppression of viral load among patients. Objective: The study was aimed at determining the level of ART adherence and the associated factors among HIV/AIDS patients attending Kilembe mines hospital in Kasese District. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used to obtain qualitative data using a structured questionnaire administered to participants. Systematic random sampling was used to obtain 109 study participants attending Kilembe Mines Hospital. The data analyzed was presented using frequency tables. Results: The results indicated that the adherence to ART by patients at the Kilembe Hospital ART Clinic was 70%. This level of adherence was associated with several factors including stigmatization, distance to health facility, gender discrimination and side effects arising from ART. Conclusion: The observed level of ART adherence was 70% associated with patient, treatment and health system factors. Continuous community health education and campaigns against stigma and gender discrimination will improve ART adherence among HIV patients.
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    Sanitation and hygiene related diseases among children below ten years attending Bumanya Health Center IV, Kaliro District, Eastern Uganda
    (Kampala International University; School of Health Sciences, 2017-07) Kiige, Timothy
    preventable diseases associated to sanitation and hygiene as compared to their counter parts the adults.it was under speculations that the care takers, health workers and the government share the blame. The study was carried out among the patients At Bumanya Health Centre IV while targeting the District since it's the main health facility in Kaliro District at referral level and therefore serving the patients for the five Sub Counties of Namwiwa, Nawaikoke, Gadumire, Namugongo and Bumanya which make up Kaliro District hence able to provide enough statistical information to assess the whole District. The respondents were randomly selected irrespective of their Sub Counties. The study was undertaken to find out the sanitation and hygiene related diseases, their predisposing factors and control measures among the patients below ten years of age attending the health facility. The research question was based on the named factors and literature review followed the same pattern. Information collection was through interview schedules and questionnaires. The collected data was compiled and analysed leading to the findings that diarrhea and intestinal nematodes infections are the most common diseases in the category, behavior characters arc the most predisposing factors and preventions being the best control measures. It was then recommended that most focused should be put on diarrheal disease and that the care takers should be advised and taught to modify the house hold behavioral characters as well as prevention measures both by the community and the government rather than re lying on curatives which are at a large extent government aided and need time to be implemented and budgeted for.
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    Prevalence and factors hindering first time mothers from exclusively breast feeding in Kyabugimbi Health Centre IV, Bushenyi District Uganda
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017-07) Lutaaya, Musisi Andrew
    Background: Breastfeeding entails feeding of infants or young children with breast milk from female breasts. Some mothers express milk to be used while their child is being cared for by others by hand or by using a breast pump. Globally, inadequate nutrition is an underlying cause of the deaths of more than 2.6 million children and over 100,000 mothers every year (State of the World’s Mothers, 2012). Exclusive breast feeding entails feeding an infant for 6 months and thereafter should receive complementary foods with continued breastfeeding up to 2 years of age or beyond. This research study was about the factors affecting first time mothers from exclusively breast feeding at Kyabugimbi Health Centre IV. Studies indicate that first time mothers are the most non adherent to EBF compared to other groups of mothers. Objective: The overall objective of the study was to assess the factors affecting first time mothers from exclusively breastfeeding in Kyabugimbi health centre IV, Bushenyi district. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional method was used. Results: The sample size of the study population was 100 First time mothers. The mother’s ages ranged from I5 to 44 years. The highest percentage of the mothers (44%) was in the age group of 20-24 while the least percentage (1%) was in the age group 40-44 years. EBF declined as the infant aged where the highest percentage was seen among those who exclusively breastfed for only one month (30%) and only (4%) of the mothers breastfed for six months. Health workers provided information (90%), spouses (85%) and friends (65%).Those with fair working conditions practiced EBF (52%). Of the (44%) aged between 20 – 24 years, only 36% of them did EBF for >/=4 months. Part-time and self-employed mothers stopped EBF and used complementary feeds (44%) and (60%) used complementary feeds respectively. Housewives practiced EBF (62%) more other groups of mothers. Conclusions and Recommendations: Young age, highly fixed employment status influenced on mother’s practice of EB. Mother’s perceptions of babies needing more than milk, fear of breasts loosing shape contributes to low EBF. Encouragement of EBF through public forums, health education to explain to First time mothers the importance of breastfeeding at ANC and PNC clinics, more aggressively implementing the existing policy on EBF. Research beyond this descriptive study (qualitative research) is needed; for instance a research on the adequacy of breast milk in meeting the nutritional needs of infants to 6 months.
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    Prevalence and control of tuberculosis in HIV/AIDS patients attending Kampala International University Teaching Hospital
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017-07) Bithum, Emmanuel
    Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world’s most common cause of death in the era of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). TB and HIV are called a “deadly duo” as HIV weakens the immune system and makes them more susceptible for TB infection. Uganda is ranked 20th among 22 countries with a high burden of TB. 54% of TB patients are HIV co-infected and about 30% of the HIV related deaths are attributed to TB. TB mortality remains high in Uganda, with about 4,000 people dying of the disease every year, an equivalent of the population in a parish setting. Aim: To find out the prevalence of tuberculosis among HIV infected patients reporting to Kampala International University Teaching Hospital. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study conducted among HIV infected patients within Ishaka and the surrounding villages. The study randomly recruited 76 patients who filled in the questionnaires administered to determine the prevalence and methods of infection control among HIV /TB infected patients. Results: The prevalence of TB among HIV infected patients was still high at 10.5% despite patients having known there status. Analysis of the socio-demographic factors showed that TB incidence was distributed throughout all ages provided one was HIV positive although onset was highest in early adulthood (26-30 years) and had a death rate of 9.1%. Conclusion: Administrative, personal control measures and DOT centres were the modal of control in management and control of tuberculosis at KIUTH. Personal protections and environmental control of infections were affected by administrative decisions and thus poorly implemented. Despite the reduction in the mortality of tuberculosis among HIV infected persons, there is a lot of room for improvement especially in control of infections. Recommendations: To plan for and implement the administrative control of TB Infection control (TIC) among HIV infected clients and also come up with a follow up network for improved patients who are referred to the village DOT centres because of distance and other reasons. Mass education of the community about the factors associated with the high prevalence of TB.
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    The perception, attitude and frequency towards condom use among students in Kampala International University -Western Campus, Bushenyi District
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017-07) Lwanga, Arthur
    The role of male condom for both contraception and prevention of STIs was established in Europe during the eighteenth century (Lewis, 2011). Its major role was family planning and control STIs (Omach P, Osma Benjamin, et al. 2011a). In sub-Saharan Africa, family planning has saved lives of women and children and has improved their quality of life (World Health Organization, 2012). In Uganda, condoms have played a central role in the official HIV prevention strategy for over two decades (Vasha Kibirige, 2014a). PROBLEM STATEMENT In Uganda, the Ministry of Health’s condom programme coordinator Vasha Kibirige (2014a) reported that although Uganda requires 240 million condoms annuary, the public sector procures just half of that and some years, as few as 80 million. Recently, HIV within western region is said to having increased from 8% to 9% (MOH, 2016). METHODOLOGY In studying this phenomenon, the study used was quantitative with an exploratory cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted at Kampala International University-western campus located in Ishaka, Busenyi district along Mbarara-Kasese road opposite Basajjabalaba Primary and Secondary school with over 20,000 students from different parts of Africa. The Sample size was determined using a formula developed by WINE DANIEL which states that N= (Z-QP) / D2. Using this formula, the calculated sample size was 100 students. Data collected was analyzed using calculators and computer applications like excel. RESULTS The results of the study showed that the general perception of students towards condom use was poor with most of them (59.4%) having a poor perception towards condom use and only 40.6% good perception. The general Attitude was fairly good with 58% of the students having good attitude and 42% having poor attitude. The general frequency of condom use was very poor with majority (50%) of students using condoms sometime. Only 22% used condoms always and the 28% did not use condoms. This group (28%) included majorly virgins.
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    Associated factors with uptake of safe male circumcision in HIV prevention in males aged 15-35 in Bigando Ward, Kigulya Division, Masindi Municipality
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017-07) Birungi, Janet
    Introduction This study was to determine Associated Factors with up Take of Safe Male Circumcision as Hiv Prevention in Males Aged 15-35 In Bigando Ward, Kigulya Division, Masindi Municipality. it was guided by the following Specific Objectives. To explore and describe the socioeconomic factors that influences the uptake of SMC adult males. To determine the knowledge of adult males on the importance of SMC as an HIV preventive strategy. To determine the perceptions of adult males towards SMC and To find out suggestions from the adult males the strategies that can be employed to increase the uptake of SMC in Masindi Municipality. Methods The study design was a descriptive cross-sectional study with a study population of 384 and and the sample size was determine using Kish and Leshie’s formulae of sample size determination and it came to 117 however the response rate was 60. Results The findings revealed that; Knowledge was good as all the respondents, 60(100%) mentioned that they had heard about it mainly from the radios and health workers. Another factor that was hindering men from undergoing circumcision was their belief that is associated with complications, with 42(70%) saying so. The main complications mentioned were pain, 32(70%) and bleeding 22(52.4%). The attitude towards circumcision was fair with 38(63.3%) saying it was good against 4(6.7%) who said it was bad. Conclusion and recommendation It is recommended that; Health education of the respondents on the advantages of circumcision especially on the fact that it has protective effects against HIV as to faster positive behavior change, Government should possibly pay for all circumcision in private health facilities, Attitude towards SMC should be improved by regularly talking about in all public places like markets etc., The circumcision camps should improve on the privacy of the clients that turn up for circumcision, Promoting education of children in the study area so as to enhance a more literate population in the future, that is more likely to embrace circumcision.
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    Prevalence of urinary tract infections among pregnant mothers attending ante natal visits in Rugazi Health Center IV
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017-07) Mugabi, Nicholas
    Prevalence of urinary tract infections among pregnant mothers attending ante natal visits in Rugazi health center IV. Research Objectives: To determine the proportion of urinary tract infections among pregnant mothers attending ante natal visits in Rugazi health center IV. To determine factors contributing to the prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant mothers attending ante natal visits in Rugazi health center IV. Study design: A cross sectional study where all pregnant mothers randomly selected were tested for urinary tract infection by dipstick urinalysis and a brief history of whether they themselves were presenting with a complaint using a questionnaire. RESULTS: 30% of pregnant mothers attending ante natal visits in Rugazi health center IV were diagnosed clinically with urinary tract infections although only 21.3% of them met the evidence-based study criteria. This prevalence is high compared to the reports from elsewhere in the world. Conclusions: The prevalence of urinary tract infections among pregnant mothers attending ante natal visits in Rugazi health center IV is 30% is slightly high in proportion to those that reported of previous urinary tract infection (29.3%), and generally high as compared to other researches carried else where in the world. Recommendations: Sensitization and communication campaigns to help educate masses further more about urinary tract infections and their risks to pregnancy at most plus informing the public to avoid misusing of drugs which leads to resistant strains.
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    Prevalence of malnutrition in children below five years at Ishaka Adventist Hospital
    (Kampala International University, School of Allied Health Sciences, 2017-07) Bogere, Solomon
    Malnutrition is a broad term commonly used as an alternative to under nutrition but technically it also refers to over nutrition (UNICEF, 2012). People are malnourished if their diet does not provide adequate calories and protein for growth and maintenance or they are unable to fully utilize the food they eat due to illness (under nutrition). They are also malnourished if they consume too many calories (over nutrition). A descriptive cross sectional study was used for children under five years who were attending Ishaka Adventist Hospital. A random sampling method was used among 150 children under five attending Ishaka Adventist Hospital Results Out of 150 children that were enrolled in the study, it was found that a total of 6(4%) were severely wasted ie MUAC <12.5cm, 13(8.7%) of them were moderately wasted ie MUAC between 12 and 13.5cm, 131(87.3%) of them were found to be normal ie with MUAC > 13.5cm. From the study out of 150 children that were enrolled in the study, it was found that a total of 6(4%) were severely wasted, 13(8.7%) of them were moderately wasted, 131(87.3%) of them were found to be normal. Conclusions. On prevalence, the study concludes that Bushenyi in which Ishaka Adventist Hospital is located has a high malnutrition level given that from the study 12.7% and 14.7% were wasted and stunted respectively as compared to UBOS findings that indicate 6% and 1l% to be wasted and stunted respectively in Uganda. The study also concludes that the children age of 1 to 2 years are the most affected by malnutrition followed by those between two to five years accessed on basis of wasting and stunted growth. 5.3 Recommendations Mothers should be encouraged to breast feed their babies exclusively up to 6 months and breast feeding should go on up to at least 18 months.