School of Pharmacy

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http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12493/14804

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    Comparative Evaluation Of The Disintegrant Properties Of Some Pre-Gelatinied Starches In The Formulation Of Paracetamol Tablets
    (Kampala International University, 2023-10) Kasolo Daniel
    This study evaluated the tableting and release characteristics of paracetamol tablets prepared with three pregelatinised starches as disintegrants. The results obtained were compared with pharmacopoeial specification. Starches currently used are largely imported into the country, despite its widespread value and ideal properties as a pharmaceutical excipient, such as being pharmacologically inert, physically and chemically stable, native starch has limitations in pharmaceutical application, hence native starch must be pregelatinised to improve its release characteristics, lowering the high cost of importing excipients and the final cost of drugs. Starches from edible Musa paradisiaca(Entaragaza), millet cereals (tansakila), and rice cereals (supper) were extracted, pregelatinised and characterized with pharmacopoeialspecifications. Their percentage yield, solubility, pH., iron content, moisture content and sulphated ash values were determined and all the pregelatinised starch characteristics were within the pharmacopoeial specification. The pregelatinised starches were used as a disintegrant at concentrations (7.5and 10% w/w) per tablet in the formulation. The granules were compressed to tablets. The tablets diameter was 12.6 ± 0.4 mm and thickness 4.4 ± 0.02 mm. The tablets’ average weight, friability hardness, disintegration time (DT) and dissolution profiles were determined. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the physicochemical characteristics of the tablets whose granules were prepared with the 3 pregelatinised test starches and those prepared with the standard maize starch BP (p > 0.05). Tablet disintegration time decreased with increase in the disintegrant concentration but was more marked with tablets produced with pregelatinised rice starch. All the tablets released between 96.4 - 100% of the drug in 45 min. Although drug release was influenced by increase in disintegrant concentration, the release rate was not significantly affected by the types of pregelatinised starch under investigation. The results permit the conclusion that the three (3) pregelatinised starches could be substituted for maize starch BP as disintegrants in the preparation of paracetamol tablets when faster disintegration is desired. FTIR spectrum also revealed peaks which were characteristic and identical to paracetamolindicating no interaction between the drug and pregelatinised starches.
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    Effect of aloe vera ( L.Burn.F.) Crude extract on dolutegravir induced hyperglycaemia in wistar albino rats
    (Kampala International University, 2022-11) Mugide Nuru
    This study aimed at evaluating the hypoglycaemic and toxicological effect of co-administration of DTG and aqueous extract of Aloe vera leaf in Wistar rats after 28 days. Aloe vera at three graded doses of 100, 300 and 400 mg/kg was concurrently administered with 2mg/kg of DTG once daily for 28 days to Wistar rats divided into six groups to evaluate its effect on their blood glucose levels and the biochemical, haematological and histopathological parameters after this period. Group I received only DTG, Group II received distilled water (control group), Group III, IV and V received 2mg/kg DTG and 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 400mg/kg Aloe vera respectively, while Group VI received only Aloe vera at 300mg/kg. Fasting blood glucose levels in mmol/L were taken on day 1 of intervention and weekly. A differential count to assess the haematological parameters was done. Serum markers assessed for liver included; Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Total protein (TP), and bilirubin. For the kidney, these included: blood Urea and serum creatinine, which were analyzed using calorimetric method while AST was analyzed using the method according to Hammed, 2011. Macroscopic and microscopic histopathological observations of the liver and kidney were also made. Results showed a hypoglycaemic effect of Aloe vera extract against DTG-induced hyperglycaemia when DTG-induced hyperglycaemic rats were treated with Aloe vera extract at daily dose levels of 300 and 400mg/kg for the 28 day study. All haematological parameters assessed were within the normal range except for the platelet count and mean platelet volume which were statistically significantly high in the animal groups that received Aloe vera leaf extract at 300 and 400 mg/kg. Mean values for ALT and AST for the animal group that received only DTG were statistically significantly high. Histopathological microscopic and macroscopic observations of the liver and kidney tissues were normal except for the animal group that was receiving DTG alone. We can conclude from the findings of this study that Aloe vera aqueous leaf extract at doses of 300 and 400 mg/kg is relatively safe and has hypoglycaemic effects against DTG-induced hyperglycaemia.
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    Efficacy evaluation of a lytic bacteriophage cocktail against carbapenem–resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa - infected wounds in mice
    (Kampala International University, 2021-11) Ivan Ibanda
    Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic infectious agent associated with burns/surgical infections. With the global emergence of resistance to carbapenems and last-resort drugs such as colistin, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) has been placed in the critical category of microorganisms for which alternatives to antibiotics are urgently needed. With bacteriophage application being one of the most promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics being pursued, the purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a locally formulated lytic bacteriophage cocktail against CRPA clinical isolates in a wound-infection mouse model. Materials and methods: The study involved isolation of phages from hospital effluent followed by evaluation of the lytic effects and in vitro activity of a phage cocktail against CRPA. The phage enrichment and isolation of bacteriophages were conducted according to the method described by Clokie et al., (2018), with modifications. The purification of the phage isolates was done according to the modified procedure of Bhensdadia et al., (2014) while the spot assay technique by Clokie et al., (2018) was employed for the quantification of the bacteriophages. In vivo efficacy of the bacteriophage cocktail on the healing of wounds infected with CPRPA was then evaluated using a mouse model. Results: Four phages were isolated from the hospital effluents and the cocktail, coded C12, from three of the isolates in a 2:1:1 ratio had the highest efficacy after 48 hours. The mean wound diameters at the end of the experiment showed that the phage cocktail-treated wounds registered satisfactory closures of at least 67.7% and the results were statistically significant from those of the meropenem-treated wounds (p < 0.0001). Conclusion:The locally formulated and optimized three-phage cocktail demonstrated satisfactory efficacy (p < 0.0001) in the treatment of wounds infected with carbapenem – resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate when topically administered in sufficient doses and at optimal frequencies.
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    Evaluation Of the Dermal Safety of Momordica foetida schumach. Et thonn Ethanolic Crude Extract in Albino Rabbits and Its Efficacy Against Corynebacterium Jeikeium
    (Kampala International University, 2023-11) Ronald Kayima
    Background; Body odour (malodour) is a chronic condition magnified by bacterial activity resulting in an offensive smell which if not addressed results in embarrassment, loss of self confidence, isolation, negative judgment and serious economic consequences. Malodour affects around 3% of adults worldwide. Expensive and aggressive measures like surgery, cosmetics, external antibiotics, botulinum toxin, lasers and personal hygiene are used to address the issue. However, lack of evidence-based guidelines and universal treatment for malodour, affordability, accessibility and serious adverse effects coupled with resistance, the majority of affected individuals seek alternative measures from herbal products. In Uganda, Mordica foetida leaves are used to manage malodour. However, there is scanty scientific data on dermal safety and efficacy. The study was aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of 70`% ethanolic crude extract of Momordica foetida against Corynebacterium jeikeium and its dermal safety in male albino rabbits. Methodology: Seventy per cent ethanolic crude extract of Momordica foetida was extracted from fresh leaves by maceration. Efficacy against pure isolates of Corynebacterium jeikeium by Agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution methods, while dermal safety was evaluated using Draize’s method. Results: Crude extract caused mild irritation without oedema in albino rabbits on a single exposure. The Corynebacterium jeikeium was susceptible to Momordica foetida with a higher inhibition zone diameter of 17.67 ± 0.17 mm at a concentration of 256 µg/mL and 13.17 ± 0.23 mm for 128 µg/mL (p≤ 0.0001). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 64.0 µg/mL while the minimum bactericidal concentration was 64.0 µg/mL Conclusion: Application of Momordica foetida leaf extract at 210mg/mL and above on albino rabbit skin, caused mild irritation. Momordica foetida crude extract has antibacterial activity on C. jeikeium showing bactericidal effects Recommendations: There is a need to determine whether the mild skin irritations are due to hypersensitivity reactions or just a mere local irritation. Sub-acute and chronic dermal toxicity studies should be conducted to provide a comprehensive toxicity profile of Momordica foetida crude extract. Clinical trials should be performed regarding Momordica foetida leaf extract.
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    Hypoglycaemic evaluation of the aqueous seed extract of Persea americana (Mill.) on dolutegravir-induced hyperglycaemia in wistar rats
    (Kampala International University, 2023-10) Vian Namanya
    Background: It has been increasingly reported world over that hyperglycaemia is common in HIV sero-positive and enrolled clients taking dolutegravir, a new second generation integrase strand inhibitor. Considering the fact that there is a possibility of HIV/AIDS and Diabetes mellitus co-morbidity, this poses a rather critical health care concern to low-income nations like Uganda, since it might demand for change to more expensive regimens or resorting to herbal concoctions to alleviate the adverse effects of HIV drugs. This research assessed the efficacy of aqueous extract of Persea americana seed against dolutegravir-induced hyperglycemia in Wistar rats. Methodology: Acute toxicity of aqueous extract Persea americana seed was determined using Lorke’s method while the efficacy against dolutegravir-induced hyperglycemia was determined by administering varying dosage concentrations to 6 groups of Wistar rats and determining sugar levels using a glucometer. On day 30, tests were done to determine of changes in haematological and biochemical parameters. Results: The median lethal dose of Persea americana was found to be 1264mg/kg, which is in the slightly toxic range while different extract percentages and dolutegravir were found to have no significant effects on haematological parameters, though there was significant derangement observed with creatinine, sodium and potassium electrolytes as well as alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase liver enzymes. Animals that received dolutegravir with 240mg/kg of the extract and positive controls experienced significant blood sugar reductions demonstrating a protective effect if the extract was to be co-administered with dolutegravir. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that dolutegravir induces hyperglycaemia in Wistar rats and that the Persea americana seed extract has potential to ameliorate this effect.
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    Post-prandial hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effect of aloe vera methanolic extract via digestive enzymes inhibition mechanism in male wistar rats
    (Kampala International University, 2023-09) Faseun Yusuf Olusola
    Objective: This study aims to investigate the post-prandial hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effect of Aloe vera methanolic extract on the digestive enzymes alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase and pancreatic lipase in male wistar rats. Background: Animal model and Clinical studies have confirmed the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic It has also been reported that Aloe vera can inhibit in vitro, the digestive enzymes α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase (Muniz- Ramirez et al., 2020). Hence its probable potency to control post-prandial hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidemia. This claim needs to be verified in vivo and this is the gap which this research aims to fill. Method: An Aloe vera extract was prepared with 50% methanol and and freeze-dried. Thirty five animals were used to achieve each of the three objectives. To achieve Objective 1, the animals were grouped into seven and each group was having five animals per cage. Kinetics studies were done on the animals on two occasions. In the first occasion, only starch was administered to the animals intragastrically. In the second occasion, Aloe vera extract was administered to the animals before starch was administered fifteen minutes after. Before blood collection, the animals were fasted for eighteen hours, after which fasting blood glucose was collected and recorded as 0 minutes. This was followed by administration of starch in the first occasion, and Aloe vera plus starch in the second occasion, at varying doses of the substrate but an optimized dose of the inhibitor. Counting from the time of food and/or extract administration, blood samples were taken at fifteen minutes interval for a period of two hours. The blood samples were collected from the tail of the animals using On Call glucometer and test strips. The procedure was repeated for the methods of Objective 2 and Objective 3, but blood collections in Objective 3 were done for a period of six hours at one hour interval. In Objective 2, sucrose was the substrate, alpha glucosidase was the enzyme. In Objective 3, olive oil was the substrate and pancreatic lipase was the enzyme. Data analyses were done by conducting ANOVA using Microsoft Excel, by estimating the Area Under Curve (AUC) for the data obtained from the groups using trapezoidal rule, and by calculating the percentage inhibition of the enzymes. Results: The ANOVA results show that the 7.5g/kg dose of Aloe vera extract inhibited the digestive enzymes alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase and pancreatic lipase significantly. The estimated and calculated AUC results show the highest percentage inhibition to alpha amylase is 81.5%, to alpha glucosidase is 89.1%, to pancreatic lipase is 427%. Conclusion: The 7.5g/kg dose of Aloe vera extract inhibited the three digestive enzyme alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase and pancreatic lipase significantly and it may do more than inhibition of the three intestinal enzymes in order to lower post-prandial triglycerides.