Master of Arts in Geography

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    Environmental effects of mining on local communities in Kitwe and Mufulira in Copper belt province, Zambia
    (Kampala international University college of humanities and social science, 2018-11) Siame, Kennedy
    With the focus of the mining companies remaining on profit making, environmental pollution on the surrounding communities is what has characterized mining in Zambia. It is for this reason that study aimed at determining the environmental effects of mining on local communities in the Copperbelt province of Zambia. The study was guided by three objectives which were translated into three research questions; examine the methods of mining, establish the environmental effects of mining on local communities and design a model for the mitigation of environmental effects of mining on local communities in Kitwe and Mufulira. The study used a case study design by incorporating mining sites (quadrants). The assessment was made using primary data collected from a sample of 96\ key informants and 5 mining sites of 2Km2 from where samples of soil, water and vegetation where collected. Furthermore vegetation analysis was done basing on the 5 mining sites. The chemical species tested, took into consideration the analysis of Copper, Cobalt, Lead, Sulpher dioxide, dust, Total Dissolved Solids and Total Suspended Solids for air, soil and water pollution. The analysis was done using frequency distributions, trend surface analysis using Geographic Information Systems and laboratory tests of all chemical species was done and concentrations were compared with World Health Organization and Zambia Environmental Management Agency limits for air, soil and water. The results showed that the concentration of the elements (Pollutants) in soil and air were above the limit and water elements were below the World Health Organization and Zambia Environmental Management Agency limits. Furthermore, results reveal that the current mining methods practiced in Kitwe and Mufulira mining towns is underground and, surface mining, which are yet to pose a serious risk and change to the natural resources in the mining areas /communities since there is continual clearance of forest cover, erosion, formation of sinkholes and contamination of the environment by chemicals from mining processes and products. With regards to the effects of mining environmentally, the finding reveal that the effects are localized and that at local level, the uncontrolled digging and abandoning of pits has caused destruction of land beyond economic and technical reclamation. Generally, mining contributes to environmental degradation, displacement of settlements. The finding further reveals that more needs to be done by responsible agencies and the state in order to curb environmental degradation and other problems that arise from mining activities. To this end, targeted interventions such as sensitization of the general public and formation of new environmental laws and policies that will promote sustainability of the environment are recommended. The study recommends the government should enact a legislative instrument that gives local communities adequate legal backing to fully participate in environmental decisions, management and protection that affect their lives and development.
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    Periodic fishing ban and community livelihood on lake Bangweulu Luwingu District Zambia
    (Kampala International University, college of Education,open and distance -learning., 2019-10) Chibwe, Mathews Lukonde
    This research aimed at investigating the effects of periodic fishing ban on fish stocks and community livelihood of Lake Bangweulu; Luwingu District of Zambia, it was guided by the following objectives: to evaluate the effect of periodic fishing ban on fish stocks of Lake Bangweulu in Luwingu District, to examine the effect of periodic fishing ban on income, business and food security of communities on Lake Bangweulu during and after the fishing ban and to propose a model for community participation in fishing ban implementation. A simple random sampling method was used to pick 87 respondents from five villages/camp out of a list of 121 households registered from village headmen and 9 key informants were selected purposively. Questionnaires were administered to the selected respondents who were involved in fishing and fishing related businesses as their source of income, interviews were also used to collect data from key informants and observation methods was also used. The results confirmed that the fishing ban was very effective and hence there were no fish on the local market during the fishing ban, Furthermore, the research revealed that, periodic fishing ban affects fish population and aquatic environment positively, representing a mean of 2.48 and 2.31 respectively, on contrary, it affect the fish size negatively as shown by a mean of 2.00. It was further observed that during the periodic fishing ban the quality of life were generally poor (50%) and during the fishing season the quality of life improves. This is because during fishing ban season, people make little income which cannot sustain them. Finally as shown 57% were below K100 (8 dollars), the community livelihood activity calendar model is proposed basing on the coping mechanism the community has adopted. The identified effects of periodic fishing ban on the community were poor income, collapse of fish related businesses, and poor food security hence poor quality of life during the fishing ban and improved quality of life after the fishing ban among the fishing communities. It was further discovered that, few people in poultry and butchery business were positively affected, adding that, the shortage of fish on the market boomed their business. The results also shows that the activities done in fishing communities are interdependent on one another, therefore, any effect on one activity trickles down on other activities. In addition the research bridged the gaps by adding information to the existing literature because they were very few literatures related to fishing ban as an area of study. The study validates that use of common property theory is suitable theory to investigate on the effect of fishing ban on fishing community and non-have conducted a similar research in Nsombo area. In conclusion it was established that, the fishing ban was very effective on Lake Bangweulu, this is because all the fishing related activities were stopped during the fishing ban. Based on the findings, recommendations were raised that people should be sensitized and educated on the importance of sustainable fishing with regards to the proposed model. People should also be encouraged to venture into other livelihoods and further research should be conducted on the effect of fishing ban on the lives of children in fishing communities
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    Poverty and house hold sanitation of selected homes of kansanga parish makindye division kampala city
    (Kampala International University.College of Education, 2006-10) Joseph, Muhwezi
    The study was an investigation into the Relationship between Poverty and Sanitation of Kansanga Parish, Makindye Division, Kampala District. The development of this research emanated from the fact that the people of this area were suffering much from the sanitation related diseases such as the cholera, dysentery, and many others that result from the way the people of the area live. Manv people thought, that these people were suffering from all these because of the fact that, they were poor. It's against this back ground that, the study was conducted to find out whether there was a relationship between poverty and home sanitation of the selected households of Kansanga parish. The objectives of the study were to: Establish the means by which the people of Kansanga dispose off their wastes; find out how domestic sanitation standards 2re maintained in Kansanga; and establish the relation between poverty and sanitation of Kansanga Parish. The study used SPSS as its methodology of arriving at results upon which conclusions and recommendations are made. The findings revealed that there is no -significant relationship between poverty and sanitation of Kansanga Parish, other revelation are that, the domestic sanitation standards and the way by which these people dispose off their wastes is still Jacking, because the standards used to measure these indicate below average. A lot has been left hanging in this field of home sanitation and poverty which need future researchers to come in and investigate further about the relationship between the two.
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    Spatial analysis of road network and traffic congestion in Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria
    (Kampala international international : College of Education,Open and distance Learning, 2017-01) Sani, Abubakar Sadiq
    The purpose of the study was to assess the spatial distribution of road network and traffic congestion in Zaria. The study focuses on the road transportation system in Zaria Metropolis of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the various factors contributing to overall traffic congestion, assess the spatial distribution of the road network and determine the traffic hotspots area. Zaria was chosen for the research due to its strategic location as a transit point which connect North, South, Central and Western parts of Nigeria, which makes it prone to traffic congestion. Different methods were used to generate data based on the objectives. A household survey was undertaken using questionnaires, interviews, observation and reports on the randomly selected respondents to collect data on traffic congestion. While hotspot analysis was carried out in a GIS enviromnent using GPS coordinates collected from the field based on the vehicle and traffic flow characteristics/parameters. The simple index framework was also used to analyze the level of accessibility and road network connectivity using the Alpha, Beta and Gamma index. The results of the findings showed that various factors were responsible for traffic congestion in Zaria, among the top four factors included; poor road network (92%), passengers/ goods pick up and dropping (87%) and poor traffic coordinates (72%) illegal parking (70%~. Certain types of vehicles are also discovered to be among the contributing factors, the top three are; Town service buses (51%), Tricycle (27%) and Goods vehicle (13%).. The Alpha index showed that the road network in Zaria was 0.07 or 7% maximally connected. This also is an indication of low level of economic development. The road network connectivity using the Beta index is 1.16 and the Gamma connectivity index was 0.40 or 40% which was an indication of low level ofroad network development in the area. The findings also showed that the hotspots were heavily congested (48.2%), moderately congested (39.6%) and slightly congested (12.1%). The synchronized flow (52.7 %) was the most common type of traffic experienced, followed by Moving Jam (41.9%) and Free Flow (5.4%). From all the Hotspots identified a 90% confidence interval and statistical significance were achieved between the identified hotspots and cold spots. The commuting time varied between the public and private pickup times. The implications ofthis study indicated that mobility in Zaria Metropolis is restricted due to congestion, causing excessive travel delays, particularly, during peak hours and negatively affecting productivity due to certain factors, poor traffic coordination, illegal parking, passenger picking/dropping, goods pick up and uploading and poor road network are among the top factors. Therefore, expanding transport infrastructure as well as improvement in the traffic management and control system should be given attention to improve the transportation system in the metropolis.