Administrators and Managers Journal Articles

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A systematic review: the current status of carbapenem resistance in East Africa
(Kampala International University, 2018) Kenneth, Ssekatawa; Edward, Wampande; Dennis, K. Byarugaba; Francis, Ejobi
In this systematic review, we present the molecular epidemiology and knowledge gaps of the carbapenem resistance in East Africa as well as the future probable research interventions that can be used to address the emergence of carbapenem resistance in the region. Results: The 17 articles which presented concrete information about the prevalence of carbapenem resistance in East Africa were reviewed. Tanzania exhibited the highest level of carbapenem resistance at 35% while DRC had the lowest level at 0.96%. Uganda was the only country with studies documenting CR obtained amongst hospital environment isolates with incidence ranging from 21% in Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 55% in Acinetobacter baumannii. Carbapenem resistance was more exhibited in A. baumannii (23%), followed by P. aeruginosa (17%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15%), Proteus mirabilis (14%) and Escherichia coli (12%) mainly isolated from respiratory tract, blood, urine and wound/pus. The regional genetic determinants of carbapenem resistance detected were blaIMP, blaVIM-1 blaSPM-l, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-23 blaOXA-24, blaOXA-58 and blaKPC.
A study on visual, audio and tactile reaction time among medical students at Kampala International University in Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2018) Keneth, Iceland Kasozi; Ngala, Elvis Mbiydzneyuy; Sarah, Namubiru; Abass, Alao Safiriyu; Sheu, Oluwadare Sulaiman; Alfred, O Okpanachi; Herbert, Izo Ninsiima
Reaction time (RT) is an indicator of neural activity, however, its variation due to visual (VRT), audio (ART) and tactile (TRT) in African medical students has not been investigated. The aim of the study was to determine relationships between VRT, ART and TRT amongst medical students in Uganda. Materials and methods: This was a cross sectional study, the body mass index (BMI) and RT (i.e. VRT, ART and TRT) were determined using weighing scale with standiometer and the catch a ruler experiment respectively. A questionnaire was administered to collect information on participant’s lifestyle patterns and analysis was done using SPSS Version 20. Results: The mean (± SEM) VRT, ART and TRT in the study were found to be 0.148 ± 0.002s, 0.141 ± 0.002s and 0.139 ± 0.003s respectively. A strong correlation between TRT and ART was found to exist in the youthful Ugandan medical student’s population. Furthermore, significant differences in ART and VRT were observed with sex, although these were absent amongst preclinical and clinical students, showing the importance of sex in RT. Conclusion: The low VRT and ART in Ugandan medical students is indicative of a healthy somatosensory connectivity, thus of academic importance.
Building Resilient Societies in Africa for the Future: Conceptual Considerations and Possible Resilience Constituents
(JFS, 2018) Busingye, D. Janice; Tutu, Raymond
Predicting the future is usually a herculean task. But failing to plan for the future using scientific and reasonable prediction tools may guarantee failure of states and societies. African countries have been experiencing different challenges across sectors ranging from increasing development of informal settlements in urban centers, and youth unemployment to hunger, food insecurity, and prevalence of neglected tropical diseases. Many societies are vulnerable to various micro and macro scales shocks and stressors such as family disruptions, conflicts, climate variability, and technology-induced displacements. Such occurrences have been argued to be responsible for social disorganization and different forms of population movements. In this paper, we discuss these shocks and stressors and suggest the need for African countries to consider making resilience thinking central to the planning of their countries for the future. We argue that resilience should not be perceived as an alternative to development practice, but rather integral to development pursuit. We specifically focus on social resilience and socio-ecological resilience. Cognizant of the multidimensional nature of the concept of resilience, we do not intend for our ideas to be perceived as prescriptive. However, when particular attention is paid to resilience attributes like “stressors driving change,” “anticipatory learning,” and “social capital,” in attempting to answer the questions of resilience of what and resilience to what?, Africa will be on its way to building resilient societies
Exploring the development of a household cholera-focused health literacy scale in James Town, Accra
(Elsevier, 2018) Gupta, Sangeeta; Tutua, Raymond; Sathyanarayana, Elavarthi; Busingye D. Janice; Boatenge K., John
Background: Food borne diseases are significant reasons for in-patient and out-patient morbidity in Ghana. Of the food borne illnesses reported in the country, cholera incidence and outbreaks have resulted in food related mortality since the disease was first reported in the 1970s. Cholera is now endemic in the country. This study attempts to develop and pilot a tool to measure household health literacy among the urban poor in James Town, a cholera endemic neighborhood. Methods: A survey questionnaire was developed based on four of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommendations on issues for measurement of health literacy in low- and middle-income countries. The instrument was administered to 401 households in the community. We undertook reliability and validity analyses. T-test, Kruskal Wallis test, and Mann–Whitney test were used to examine the association between the health literacy scores of the scale and subscales and the demographic characteristics of households. Results: The reliability analyses showed that the instrument was internally consistent (Cronbach alpha = 0.762). All the subscales were reliable except the beliefs about health and healthcare subscale. Based on content and construct validity analyses, 13 items were used for further examination of health literacy. We found that majority of households know about the information, education, and communication materials and 52% of households indicated that these materials remind them about the dangers of cholera. About 39% of the households decide together as a unit on steps to avoid getting cholera during an outbreak. Overall health literacy scores and the subscales were significantly associated with sex, age, marital status, and educational level of household head. Specifically, females, being married, increasing age and higher household income had a significant association with higher health literacy scores. Conclusion: Household units in James Town impacts individual health literacy through: family discussions; access to information, education, and communication materials on cholera; and intentional efforts made to get information on cholera risk factors.
Acquisition and management of serials in selected academic libraries in Edo state of Nigeria
(University of Dar es Salaam Library, 2019-05-23) Idhalama, Ogagaoghene Uzezi; Obi, Alexander Ifeayi
This study investigated acquisition and management of serials in academic libraries in Edo State of Nigeria. Four (4) research objectives were formulated for this study. These were to: determine how serial collections are acquired in the selected academic libraries in Edo State of Nigeria; investigate how serials are organized for easy retrieval in the selected academic libraries in Edo State of Nigeria; find out how serials are preserved in the selected academic libraries in Edo State of Nigeria; and solicit solutions for improving the management of serials in the selected academic libraries in Edo State of Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study targeted a total of 14 (fourteen) academic libraries in Edo State from which a sample of 173 respondents was generated using a total enumeration sampling technique. The study used a structured questionnaire; the copies were completed and returned by 57.8% of the respondents. Data collected were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages (%), mean (X), and standard deviation (SD) to meet the study’s objectives. The study’s results have revealed that academic libraries in the study area acquire serials through various methods and use various means to organize them for easy retrieval. The libraries also use various methods to preserve their serials. Regarding improving serial management, the study findings have come up with a number of ways to do so. Based on the findings, the study recommends among others that academic curriculum should be enriched with serial skill acquisition and management contents; and academic libraries should consider acquiring more e-serials because it is very easy to manage and do not get damaged.
Comparing the Effects of Chinese and Traditional Official Finance on State Repression and Public Demonstrations in Africa
(Johns Hopkings University, 2020) Che, Afa’anwi Ma’abo
There is little, non-biased, existing literature on the effects of Chinese official finance on state repression and public demonstrations. As such, this paper employs standard multiple regression analysis to assess how different attributes of Chinese and traditional official finance predict variations in rates of repression and demonstrations in Africa. Although Chinese and traditional official flows have more similarities than differences in their effects on repression, there is a distinct positive and statistically significant relationship between aggregate traditional official finance and public demonstrations. Looking at regional distributions of foreign financed projects and public demonstrations in Cameroon (receiving predominantly Chinese official finance) and Uganda (receiving mainly traditional aid), I find evidence to support a negative correlation between Chinese official finance and public demonstrations on the one hand and a positive correlation between traditional official finance and public demonstrations on the other. However, when specifically analyzing demonstrations against foreign funded development projects this paper reveals, through interviews on selected Chinese and World Bank-funded projects in Cameroon, that owing to less stringent project impact assessments, impact management standards, and the absence of complaint management offices, Chinese-funded projects are more prone to anti-project demonstrations.
Comparing the Effects of Chinese and Traditional Official Finance on State Repression and Public Demonstrations in Africa
(2020) Che, Afa’anwi Ma’abo
DO FOREIGN OFFICIAL FINANCE FLOWS FROM CHINA and traditional Western sources vary in their effects on state repression and public demonstrations in Africa? While one study by Kishi and Raleigh asserts a distinct, statistically significant positive association between Chinese official finance and repression, no quantitative comparative study has been conducted on the effects of Chinese and traditional official finance on public demonstrations in the form of protests and riots.1 The working paper on which this policy brief is based reassesses the effects of Chinese and traditional official finance on repression after rectifying some biases I identified in Kishi and Raleigh’s study. Notable among the biases is the study’s exclusion of analysis relating to recent (post-2013) years which have witnessed nascent reforms to Beijing’s foreign aid policy that, ostensibly, induce checks against misuse of Chinese official finance.2 More innovatively, the research assesses the effects of Chinese and traditional official finance on anti-government, public demonstrations. Additionally, the working paper compares case studies in Cameroon, which mostly receives unconditional Chinese official finance and Uganda, which receives more conditional traditional finance, to determine how well the paper’s statistical relationships are borne out. While Uganda has suffered more protests and riots than Cameroon over the period between 2001 and 2018, data on demonstrations in the two countries from Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED) suggests that Chinese-funded development projects have encountered more anti-project protests and riots compared to Western, particularly World Bank-funded projects. To verify and explain the higher rates of manifestations against Chinese-funded projects, I undertook fieldwork in Cameroon involving comparative project interviews on three selected Chinese projects (the Douala- Yaounde expressway project; the Memve’ele hydropower project; and the Kribi deep seaport project) and two World Bank-sponsored projects (the Lom Pangar hydropower project and the Douala road infrastructure project). The fieldwork was guided by the following research questions:
Tracing the Distribution of Chinese and World Bank-Funded Projects and Public Demonstrations in Cameroon and Uganda
(Sage, 2020) Che, Afa’anwi Ma’abo
Extant literature has explored the effects of foreign aid on armed conflicts and state repression, but not on public demonstrations. This article compares distribution patterns of Chinese and World Bank-funded projects and public demonstrations in Cameroon, receiving predominantly Chinese official finance, and Uganda, receiving predominantly traditional, Western aid. Distributive patterns suggest negative and positive associations between Chinese and traditional official finance on the one hand and public demonstrations on the other. However, with respect to anti-project demonstrations specifically, I find through fieldwork interviews in Cameroon that Chinese-funded projects are more prone to anti-project demonstrations owing to less stringent risk management standards
Perception and Attitude of Librarians towards Cloud Computing in the University of Dar es Salaam Library
(University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2020-05-29) Idhalama Ogagaoghene Uzezi; Fidelis Antidius
The study investigated the perception and attitude of librarians towards Cloud Computing in the University of Dar es Salaam library. Five research objectives were raised to guide this research work; some of which are determining the level of awareness of cloud computing by librarians, perception of cloud computing by librarians, attitude of librarians towards cloud computing and others. It applied a descriptive research design using quantitative approach.The population of the study was made up of 125 librarians but a census sampling method was employed to generate 94 respondents and only questionnaire was used to collect data. The study used Statistical Product and Services Solution (SPSS) program version 21 to generate percentages and frequencies from quantitative data which were presented in tables. The findings of the paper revealed that librarians at the University of Dar es Salaam are aware of Cloud Computing technology; they have positive perception about it and also receptive disposition towards cloud computing amongst others. It was therefore recommended that library heads should always encourage staff not to only be aware of new technologies but to take a bold step in applying these technologies. They should endeavour to sponsor staff for further studies, seminars and conferences.
Assessment of Salmonella Species and Escherichia Coli Prevalence, as well as Antimicrobial Profiles, in Sliced Pineapple Vended within Abakaliki Metropolis
(Kampala International University, 2023) Afiukwa, Felicitas N; Obaji, Debora G; Ugwu, Okechukwu P. C.
The prevalent practice of vending sliced pineapple and various fruits on the streets of Nigeria due to cost constraints among buyers has raised concerns regarding potential contaminations and subsequent health risks to consumers. This study procured sixty samples of sliced, ready-to-eat pineapple from street vendors in Abakaliki Metropolis, analyzing them for Salmonella and E. coli contamination using microbiological and biochemical techniques. The isolates underwent antibiotic sensitivity screening via the disc diffusion method. The findings revealed a 20% prevalence of Salmonella species and a striking 70% prevalence of Escherichia coli in the sliced pineapple fruits. Further investigation into antibiotic susceptibility exhibited a concerning pattern of high multidrug resistance among the isolated organisms. Salmonella species showcased resistance percentages ranging from 50% to 100% against ceftriaxone, nitrofurantoin, meropenem, pefloxacin, chloramphenicol, ofloxacin, and amoxicillin. In comparison, Escherichia coli exhibited resistance values varying between 28.6% and 100% against the same antibiotics. This study emphasizes that the prevalent practice of slicing and vending fruits on the streets significantly contributes to the dissemination of multi-drug resistant pathogens. Urgent intervention and discouragement of this practice by pertinent authorities are imperative to mitigate the escalating health risks associated with such contaminated fruit vending practices
Acclimatization to Professional Ethical Standards by Academic Staff in Nigeria’s Tertiary Institutions of Learning
(OAPUB, 2023-10-12) Idhalama, Ogagaoghene Uzezi; Aluede, Oyaziwo; Adedotun, Kikelomo Oluwayemisi
This article investigated the extent to which academic staff completes their course outlines before examinations; the state of harassment of students by academic staff; the rate at which examination questions are leaked to students by academic staff; the rate at which academic staff is involved in issues of plagiarism and the level of fair evaluation and non-discrimination of students by academic staff. The study used the descriptive (survey) research design. A total of 171 academic staff selected through convenience sampling participated in the study. The instrument used in this study was constructed by current researchers, which was content validated and it also yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.81. Findings revealed that the majority of the lecturers in Nigerian tertiary institutions ensured that they complete their course outlines before final examinations, and are not found wanting in terms of harassing their students in any form. The study further revealed that the rate at which examination questions are leaked to students by academic staff remains very low. Based on the findings, it is therefore recommended that workshops on ethics be organized for academic staff that will be geared towards helping to bring to zero level incidence of unethical activities in tertiary institutions of learning in Nigeria.
Proficiency of University Lecturers in the Adoption of Emerging Instructional Technologies in Nigeria
(G-Card Publisher, 2023-12-23) Idhalama, Ogagaoghene Uzezi; Krubu, Dorcar Ejemeh PhD; Etebu, Abraham Tabor PhD
The purpose of this study was to assess the Proficiency of University Lecturers in the Adoption of Emerging Instructional Technologies in Nigeria. The study employed the descriptive/qualitative research design. A Google forms questionnaire made of close-ended items was used to collect data related to Nigerian university lecturers’ proficiency in the adoption of emerging instructional technologies. Descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation were used to describe the status of lecturers. SPSS version 25 was used to run the collected data from respondent university lecturers. A total of 123 responses were recorded and it was discovered that the awareness of emerging instructional technologies by Nigerian lecturers is on the rise, meaning they are quite much aware of emerging teaching technologies as today, lecturers’ use of emerging teaching technologies is still quite low in Nigeria, lecturers’ proficiency in using emerging teaching technologies is just normal or average and therefore needs to be improved. It is therefore recommended that lecturers should make an extra deliberate effort to know what is new in the teaching profession as per new instructional technologies. School managements should as a matter of urgency encourage the use of emerging teaching technologies in Nigeria and old lecturers are advised to go for short courses on ICT.

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