Team/Group Project

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A mobile phone jammer system using gsm900 frequency
(Kampala International University ,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Department of Electrical and Telecommunication Engineering, 2015-09) Okello, Walter; Mohamed, Daud
Due to technological advancement in the mobile phone industry, mobile phones have become a very vital communication device today with number of end user applications embedded. For instance; Games, online videos, e-commerce, social media like Facebook, whatsapp, twitter, to mention but a few. This has resulted to the use of mobile phones everywhere which become disruptive while praying, studying, in meeting, in court room, driving, examination rooms, etc. The main purpose of this project was to design and build a system that can block the use of mobile phone by transmitting radio waves of the same frequencies as that of the mobile phone causing interference between mobile phone and the Base Transceiver Station, hence the mobile phone displays "NO NETWORK" on the screen so that it can be installed in places where the use of mobile phone is not required. Although different cellular systems process signals differently, all cell-phone networks use radio signals that can be interrupted or interfered. GSM technology used in digital cellular system and PCS-based systems, operates in the 900-MHz, 1800-MHz and WCDMA 2100 bands in Europe and Asia and in the 1900MHz band in the United States are some of the mobile phone networks. Jammers can broadcast on any mobile network frequency and are effective against WCDMA, GSM and DCS. This project discussed the design and development of GSM Mobile jammer which can avail the solution to problems stated earlier. To come up with the above system, we carried out researches that enabled us to attain appropriate designs and there after the design, we were able to construct/build different parts of the system and interconnect them as one unit. Finally the system was tested for functionality, results were arrived at which fulfilled the concept of jamming by releasing same frequency as the one from BTS.
Design ofclap switch device
(Kampala International University ,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Department of Electrical and Telecommunication Engineering, 2015-11) Kambale, Kamate; Mohamed Hassan, Jama
This project proposal is of a clap switch device. Clap switch is a switch which can switch on/off any electrical circuit by the sound of the clap. The basic idea of clap switch is that the electric microphone picks up the sound of your claps, coughs, and the sound of that book knocked off the table. It produces a small electrical signal which is amplified by the succeeding transistor stage. This circuit has been constructed using basic electronic components like resistors, transistors, relay, transformer, capacitors. This circuit will turn „ON‟ light for the first two claps. For the next two claps the light turns OFF. This circuit works with 12V voltage. Therefore, a step-down transformer is employed. The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person. It is generally used for a light, television, radio, or similar electronic device that the person will want to turn on/off from bed. The major disadvantage is that, it is generally cumbersome to have to clap one's hands to turn something ON or OFF and it's generally seen as simpler for most use cases to use a traditional light switch.
Design of an Fm Bugger Circuit
(Kampala International University ,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Department of Telecommunication Engineering, 2016-02) Yahaya, Ahmad H.; Nzanzu, Syayighosola
FM bugger is a device which generates frequency modulated signal. It is one element of a radio system which, with the aid of an antenna, propagates an electromagnetic signal. Standard FM broadcasts are based in the 88 - 108 MHz range. The signal (from the microphone) is fed into the audio frequency (AF) for amplification then to the modulator which combines the modulating signal with the carrier wave transports the modulated signal through (RF) for final amplification to the antenna. Fm receivers can be operated in the very high frequency bands at which AM interference is frequently severe, commercial FM radio stations are assigned frequencies between 88 and 108 MHz and is the intended frequency range of transmission. The FM bugger is a device which gives the information of one person to another in the remote location. Normally bugger is used for finding out the status of the person like where he is going, what he is talking etc. This FM bugger circuit is kept in a place where there is need of listening to a conversation. You can listen to this conversation using the normal FM radio set but a receiver circuit is designed for this project. The project enhances one’s practical skill and it involves both the electronics and telecommunication engineering fields. Theoretical knowledge such as circuit theory, electronic circuit and principles of telecommunication learned through several courses offered by the electrical and telecommunication program is applied in the project.
Strategies for optimizing password management against versatile attacks
(Kampala International University ,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Department of Computer Engineering, 2016-08) Kule, Titus; Bakwanamaha, Allan
Managing passwords is a significant problem for most people in the modern world. Passwords are a critical part of information and network security. Passwords serve as primary authentication method to protect user accounts but a poorly chosen password, if compromised, could put the entire network at risk. Many users do not understand why good passwords and password management are important for information systems. “We’re secure! We use passwords!” How many of us have heard this claim? Or even “We’re secure! We have a password policy!” Using a password or having a password policy in today’s world of computing is not enough. Understanding and practicing the policy is important to keep accounts secure. In this project research, the author has conducted a survey to check password habits for user accounts on 200 academy staffs, non-academy and students within Kampala International University (Kampala campus). This survey allowed the author to understand password habits of users according to sensitive of their account, also reveals some critical issues associated with password choice. As a result, data on password strength, the types and lengths of passwords chosen, and how they vary by site or sensitivity of account has been considered. Furthermore, recommendations are given based on different aspects of users` requirements. Hopefully, the result of this research project will be valuable to users who want to use password policy for securing user accounts.
Design of effectively efficient techniques for circumvent wireless network security threats and attacks
(Kampala International University ,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Department of Computer Engineering, 2016-08) Kule, Titus; Bakwanamaha, Allan
The rapid increase in computer, mobile applications and wireless networks has globally changed the features of network security. A series of Internet attack and fraudulent acts on companies and individual network have shown us that open computer networks have no immunity from intrusions. The traditional way of protecting computer networks, such as firewalls and software encryption are insufficient and ineffective. The wireless ad-hoc network is susceptible to physical attack or harm due to its feature of open medium dynamic changing topology, monitoring and management point not being centralized, clear line not well defended and cooperative algorithms. Since the techniques developed on fixed wired networks to detect intruders have been rendered inapplicable in this new environment, the need for ways and methods to develop new architecture and mechanisms to protect mobile computing applications and wireless networks is important. This project research looks into vulnerabilities and effective, efficient technique for circumventing wireless networks. Many problems small companies are facing due to intruders and attackers are also discussed. Basically, the vulnerabilities and circumventing this project research examines will be very useful in the underdeveloped and developing nations.
Design of a mobile voting application
(Kampala International University,School Of Engineering and Applied Sciences Department of Electrical, Telecom and Computer Engineering, 2016-11) Mukalai, Emmanuel; Mohammed, Murtadha Ahmadu; Halilu, Najib Kundila
This project was devoted to the design of a Mobile Voting Application. A number of steps were followed in order to come up with a simple voting structure for an Administrator and User system with authorization and authentication features for Android Platforms. Different types of data and data collection methods were used including both primary and secondary data in order to make the project a success. In order to attain the objectives of this project, Android Studio 2.2.2 was used to develop and implement the application, PHPMyAdmin to handle the MySQL database management system, XAMPP to connect the database to the localhost server; Adobe Photoshop CC for layouts and icons, and Adobe Creative Suite Dreamweaver and Sublime text for writing codes.
Design and implementation of a remote control system of doors and lights using an android phone
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) Department Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, 2016-11) Kimbugwe, James; Bowgo, John Kur Deng
The new generation is now full of smart people using smart technology. Smart devices make life of a person easy and updated. There are hundreds of goods available today that allow us have power over the devices without human intervention, either by remote control; or even by voice command. So in “Design and Implementation of a Remote Control System of Doors and Lights Using an Android Phone” controller and Bluetooth module from the mobile device is used for smart lock system and switching on and off the lights. The designed system describes improvement of a security system that is integrated with an Android mobile phone device using Bluetooth as a wireless connect protocol.
Design and implementation of an automated inventory management system Case study: smart shoppers MASAKA
(Kampala International University,School of Engineering and Applied Science,Department of electrical, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, 2016-11) Kimbugwe, James; Twinamasiko, Rashid
The general purpose was to develop an efficient Inventory Management System (IMS) that improves service delivery at Smart shoppers’ Masaka. The main objectives were to collect and analyze user requirements that provide the researchers with enough information of what the system users want the system to accomplish, to design an Automated Inventory Management System, to implement a prototype and to test and validate the designed prototype. The methodology used includes Interviews, Questionnaires and observation to identify the requirements for the system. The system was designed, and the system was implemented using Ms Access 2010 and Microsoft Visual Studio 2010. Testing and validation was achieved by component, testing, bottom up integration testing, and system testing. The research findings from system design depicted fast information flow and relationship between entities. The researchers recommend that as the Company establishes branches all over the nation, the system be made web based such that all branches can use the system at the same time on the Web. The researchers also recommend that the system should be upgraded in order to report on products that have been hired out. The system can also be expanded to include information requirements for human resource management. This introduction to the research is dedicated to fully understanding the nature of the problem and coming up with a solution to it. It also explains the significance of the system to smart shoppers’.
Assessing Causes of Drinking Water Source Contamination in Kampala City: A Case Study of Katwe and Kisenyi Parishes Final Year Project Report
(Kampala International University, School of engineering and applied science, department of civil enginering, 2016-11) Abdulkadir, Abdullahi; Sambo, Muhammad Adnan
Water pollution is a serious problem for the entire world. It threatens the health and well being of humans, plants, and animals. As the world became more industrial and smaller due to communications and trade, accidental and purposive hazardous dumping have contributed to the problem of sources of water pollution. All water pollution is dangerous to the health of living organisms, but springs and borehole pollution can be especially detrimental to the health of humans. Springs and boreholes are used as primary sources of portable water by populations all over katwe and kisenyi. Another serious consequence of this pollution is the effect of this pollution on the health of the people in this areas. This reseach examines cases which reflect different causes of springs and borehole pollution, the effect of this pollution on health of the residents, and a possible solution to this problems
Assessment of the technology choices for rural road construction (a case study of Otuke and Alebtong Districts)
(Kampala International University. School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2017) Ojera
Rural roads constitute about 65% of the Uganda road network, which provide a critical link in the road transport network, facilitating access to and development of the rural areas. Traffic volume on rural roads in Uganda is very low, 90 % of the rural road network has an Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) less than 200, with an average road width of about 5.0 meters. The main problem facing the development of rural roads lies in the method of construction. Common methods used include Equipment Based Technology (EBT) and Labour Based Technology (LBT). However, there are inevitable doubts, as to the feasibility of the labour based methods. Whereas EBT is acknowledged to be able to deliver quick results, it is also very frustrating, inefficient and unproductive for constraints such as specialized and dedicated function and inter-linked equipment. This report aimed to compare the use of labour based and equipment-based methods for rural roads construction. The study examined the performance of the two technologies used in the construction and maintenance of rural roads.
Assessement of Different Point Water Sources in Kyakaliba and so Determine the Best Water Source for Kyaliba Rural Developing Community, Case Study in Hoima District
(Kampala International University, School of engineering and applied science, department of civil enginering, 2018-08) Bwambale, Morice; Kalema, Godfrey
Kyakaliba is a small village nestled in Buntanjwa Sub-county two miles away from Hoima Town in Hoima district in Western Uganda. The population is 500 people ( Source: P o p u l a t i o n C e n s u s ; 2 0 1 4 ) which is growing fast as result of the Oil sprouting economic activity in the district. Currently the available water sources are 3 Shallow wells, a spring, and Rain water harvest but of the three wells, only one works with an issue of having too much Iron in the water, the spring runs dry in the dry season and not all people have learnt to tap rain water with considerable containers like tanks. The other two wells are not in use as a result of inadequate maintenance and so there was a need to call for this project in order to Evaluate these water sources and come up with efficient mechanisms to provide adequate water quantity and quality such as digging another borehole in an Iron free site, sensitization of people to own rain water collection containers, repair of the two broken boreholes in the short run instead of high water pipe project costs and a present conducive and relatively steady rate population by: 1. Conducting water tests 2. Soil Inspection 3. Determining water demand 4. Population forecasting 5. Water source analysis for discharge 6. Determination of water source sustainability For the long run, a pipe line network from Hoima town to Kyakaliba was proposed as the area being in the oil rich Albertine region will attract more people in the next 15 years.
Design and Implementation of an Electronic ordering and Library Management System Case Study: Kampala International University Library
(Kampala International University, school of engineering, department of civil engineering, 2018-09) Abdul, Idd Aziz; Odongo, Haruna Wanyirae
The main objective of this project is to design and Implement an affordable and reliable Electronic Ordering and library management system, taking Kampala International University library as a case study. Specific objects include to design MySQL database that will be used as library management system, install the designed database on a laptop where students can easily view the catalog and identify books and their book short forms or book codes, To provide a keypad where students will type the preferred book short forms or book codes to place an order and To construct the transmitting section using RF transmitter, LCD (16 by 2), Arduino Uno Board, and +5V power supply. (Transmitting section is where the order is placed from. To construct the receiver section using RF receiver, LCD (16 by 2), Arduino Uno Board, buzzer, switch and +5V power supply. The need to provide an easy way to view the available books in the library by the students and also to enable librarians to access the easiest means to keep track of the library records through designing an easy “to use and understand” database, makes the electronic ordering and library management system crucial in the modern world. To eliminate time wasted on making queues, writing chits about the books students want and using a lot of words to make a librarian understand, calls for the establishment of this system. The most crucial fact about the system is that it is cheap, reliable, easy to maintain and very effective in operation and hence can be afforded by the University. This report consists of five chapters; Chapter One-Introduction: It gives a brief introduction and background for this project. Chapter two-Literature review: It gives an overview of the literature of all components used to build up the project. Chapter three-Methodology: It explains the system design, i.e., architecture and interfacing of the devices used. Chapter four-Results and discussion: Describes the results and output of the system. Chapter five-Conclusions and Future Scope: It gives the conclusions drawn from this project and brief ideas about future development works that can be undertaken
Assessment of Sustainable Eco-Friendly Green Building Structures and Its Promotion in Kampala
(Kampala International University, school of engineering, department of civil engineering, 2018-09) Luwobo, Keneth; Kisajjaki, Abeli
The construction industry consumes about forty percent of the world’s energy. The high increasing rate of construction activities has led to exploitation of most of the natural resources. These activities have led to massive deforestation and clearing of green cover for settlement and infrastructure development in Kampala. The repercussions of these activities are catastrophic such as poor air quality, urban heat island effect, toxic gas emission, increased cooling costs, which later affect people’s health. The study mainly aims at introducing and making aware to the public a technology that can be used to eliminate most if not all the environmental problems listed above. The green roof technology has been in use since the ancient days such as the Babylonian gardens. The green roof technology is currently being used and promoted in most developed countries such as; Germany, USA, Switzerland and Australia as a key component to sustainable development. The main objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of adopting the green roof technology our building in Kampala capital city. Specifically carrying out literature review on major benefits of a green roof, to assess its cost analysis and carrying out a market research for green roof materials. The results of the study were; the green roof has quite a number of benefits such as storm water management, habitat for wild life, noise attenuation, improved air quality, reduction in greenhouse gases. The initial cost of installing a green roof was found to be more expensive than the conventional roof. However, the benefits of the green roof were found to outweigh the initial costs of installation in the long run.
A Study towards the improvement of Water Supply in Kibuku-Kadama Rural Growth Centre Kibuku District
(Kampala International University, School of engineering and applied science, department of civil enginering, 2018-09) Mpyangu, Mubaraka; Kapta, Caleb
This report is part of our final year project II that only focuses on the water improvement. The study was done to determine the water demand, water quantity and the yields. Other sources were done using soil map, land use map of the study area and run it in to ARCGIS to determine the catchment area and soil type of the area. This report has been arranged in chapters whose contents are as below; Chapter one: Introduction which give the general background of the study introduction, definition of key terms, statement of the problem, significance of the project, project objectives and scope of the project Chapter two: Literature review which reviewed documents related to the study topic; Chapter three: Methodology which contains the tools and techniques used in the study. Chapter four: results, discussion and findings which are the presentation of the results obtained their analysis and discussion. Chapter five: Conclusions and recommendations which gave conclusions with Reference to the findings and the recommendations.
Assessing the Capacity and Performance of Kubiri Roundabout
(Kampala International University, school of engineering, department of civil engineering, 2019) Musinguzi, Amon Mugabe; Senoga, Moses
Use of roundabouts as a viable traffic control measure of traffic flow at priority points is increasing in most of growing towns in Uganda. Their strength lies in their ability to reduce the number of vehicular conflicts at intersections and thereby enhance intersection capacity and safety. There are additional intangible benefits of roundabouts such as their traffic calming effect, gateway feature and aesthetics. Increasingly, many roundabouts in growing urban towns i.e. Kampala city are becoming problematic due to capacity challenges resulting from rapid traffic growth. Hence a micro-simulation model such as VISSIM was used to assess the performance, level of service of kubiri round about in order to minimize the uncertainties of increased; control delays , queue lengths experience during peak hours. The aim of this study investigated the viability of using micro-simulation model such as VISSIM in evaluation of operational performance, improved capacity, reduced delays and queue lengths of Kubiri roundabout as a case study. Field traffic volume studies for the entire roundabout’s approaches were performed; travel time and delay studies for the subject approach (Gayaza approach) were also undertaken. Geometric data as well as data from the field studies were used to calibrate a model for the existing situation. The VISSIM model is an advanced microsimulation tool with capabilities of modelling both roundabout and traffic signals to acceptable level of detail. the model’s ability is to capture the effects of various geometric and traffic features like approach angle, inscribed circle, number of circulatory lanes, position of the stop line and proportion of turning flows, and evaluates their impacts on the resulting capacities. Motion of an individual vehicle is simulated in small time steps and each vehicle is followed from the time it is generated into the network to the point of its exit. Vehicular behavior at roundabouts is modelled on the basis of a gap acceptance approach. Capacity, delay, queue length and degree of saturation were observed from the modal where signalization simulation options for signalized and existing un-signalized were determined. The results indicated that the full signalization model produced the better parameter results as compared to the un-signalized model. However, there is an increase in the queue length and delay as well as a decrease in capacity on Gayaza approach attributed to alteration in the balance of traffic flow due to the signalization on all the approaches as well as the circulatory carriageway. Generally, there is a slight improvement in the flow of traffic after signalization however that the level of service is still low i.e. LOS F and degree of saturation is still high (greater than 1.00). This could be attributed to the fact that the total Pcus from all the approaches exceed 10000 Pcus/hr. which necessitates grade separation. Gradeseparation is one of the alternatives in solving congestion at Kubiri roundabout, but it is very expensive to implement.
Evaluating the effect of coffee husk ash used as a soil stabilser
(Kampala International University. School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2019) Muhwezi, Hilary Nduhura; Kyazze, Enock Shadrack
This project report titled “evaluating the effect of This project report titled “evaluating the effect of coffee husk ash used as a soil stabilizer” majorly aimed at reducing the cost of soil stabilization in that the usage of a cheaper alternative stabilizing agent was undertaken by assessing the properties of soil free of CHA and a mixture of soil and CHA of varying amounts. The tests carried out on its properties including grading, Atterberg limits, MDD, and CBR tests which proved that the properties of the soil improved with increasing amounts of CHA up to the optimum of 10% and past that the properties deteriorated as fully elaborated in this reportused as a soil stabilizer” majorly aimed at reducing the cost of soil stabilization in that the usage of a cheaper alternative stabilizing agent was undertaken by assessing the properties of soil free of CHA and a mixture of soil and CHA of varying amounts. The tests carried out on its properties including grading, Atterberg limits, MDD, and CBR tests which proved that the properties of the soil improved with increasing amounts of CHA up to the optimum of 10% and past that the properties deteriorated as fully elaborated in this report
Design of an underground drainage system in a waterlogged
(Kampala International University. School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2019) Moga, James; Hyuha, Peter
This is a final year project report for students pursuing Bachelor of science in Civil Engineering at Kampala International University that presents the Design of an Underground Drainage System for a withstanding foundation in a waterlogged area [ Namanve Industrial Park, Uganda] which is located in Mukono District near Kampala in the central part of Uganda along the Kampala-Jinja highway. The report comprises of Five chapters, reflecting the order in which the design was carried out. Chapter One Presents a detailed introduction of the proposed project that was considered for, including problem statement, background, objectives, scope and significance of the project. Chapter Two This chapter reviews the information about what has been done elsewhere in regard to the area of this study in this research. This is supported by scholarly information from various authors. It also contains the researchers view on what should be done to improve the situation. Chapter Three In this chapter, the methods that will be used to execute the project are revised. The methods include the type of data to collect tools for data collection, sources of data collection and analysis of data. Chapter Four Contains the data presentation and analysis, the overall design, sizing of the pipe for the French drain. Chapter Five Contains the conclusions, recommendations, references, biography and appendix.
A proposed design of a water distribution system using epanet for Serere District
(School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Department of Civil Engineering, 2019) Opujan, Andrew; Acung, Dinah
The main objective of the project was to design water distribution system using Epanet for Serere District.specific objectives • to determine the population and water demand of serere district.• to obtain topographic data of serere district• to delineate the water shed in serere district• to identify and quantify the water source.• to design water distribution system at serere district. The increased use of open water sources like ponds, dug wells which can be affected by the contaminated runoff, sharing of water sources by people and animals, has increased the pollution of the water sources and the community routinely faces water related diseases like typhoid, cholera, diarrhoea (300-500 children die every year because of water borne diseases, undp 2006). for the above stated reasons, there is need to help the community get out of these risks by design of quality water distribution system using epanet directly to the affected households from the water treatment plant.
Redesigning a Section of Hamu-Mukasa Road from Sir Albert Cook Road, Mengo Market Junction to Canon Apollo Road
(Kampala International University, School of engineering and applied science, department of civil enginering, 2019) Alitubera, Esther; Mboneko, Miria Lilian
Hamu - Mukasa road, just like most other roads in Kampala city has a number of defects such as pot holes, cracks, ravels aggregate polishing and many more accompanied by lack of drainage which in turn facilitate the high traffic congestion and delays especially at peak demand periods in addition to uncomfortablility and unsaftyness of the road users. Due to the strategic location and importance of the road as it provides access to institutions of learning such as Muteesa 1 Royal University, Buganda Royal Institute and sir Apolo Kaggwa Primary school. This has been a basis for the redesign. This report is a presentation of the entire design processes and activities we as a team engaged in during our final year project for the award of a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering. The report contains five chapters with the first chapter all about the introduction and the project background. In this, the location of the project road was defined together with the problem statement and the specific objectives to be achieved in order to overcome the problems. The second chapter is of the literature review. This describes the various types and classification of roads in Uganda, and the different methodologies adopted during the design of this project plus recognizing works done by different researchers and writers towards highway design development. (Geometrical and structural). These methodologies mainly discussed in this chapter are the AASHTO 2001 and AASHTO 1993 for the geometrical and structural design respectively. The third chapter is all about the methodology i.e. the various methods used to meet the set specific objectives in chapter one. The fourth chapter is about the results from the methods in the third chapter together with their discussion and engineering judgments as far as pavement design is concerned and then the design of the road is done here. The final chapter is the fifth that includes success incurred during the entire process, challenges together with the recommendations made where applicable. This chapter is closed by various references from where our research was based and followed by the appendices. In the appendices, are various tables mainly of results from laboratory test that were being used in the calculation of engineering parameters for the design models being used
Evaluating the effectiveness of the existing bio sand filters to remove pathogens and suspended particles in water and provide safe water Orom Sub-county (Kitgum District).
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2019-05) Oyokarach, Job Douglash; Tumusakye, Sharon
The project was conducted in Orom Sub-County, Kitgum District to evaluate the effectiveness of the existing Biosand Filters in removing pathogens and Suspended Particles in water. The continuous use of unsafe water for domestic purposes due to limited access to safe water, the increasing demand coupled with the high population growth rate and resettlement of the displaced population has caused outbreak of water related diseases such as typhoid, diarrhea, dysentery and cholera among others especially in the rural areas of Kitgum District. The overall objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the existing Biosand filters to remove pathogens and suspended particles in water and provide safe water within the Uganda national standards for drinking water. This was made possible by carrying out water quality analysis for raw water and filtered water from the filters, assessing the effects of user practices on the filter performance and lastly assessing the performance of the filter using different water sources. The techniques that were employed in data collection included observations, interview that was supported by use of questionnaires, laboratory tests for some key parameters for drinking water, library search, and internet. The data was then processed and analyzed using Microsoft excel spread sheet, and presented using figures, tables, frequencies and graphs. Biosand filter is 96% effective in removing coliform in water and very effective in removing turbidity since all the filtered water met the National standard of turbidity which is 10NTU. Users’ practices affect the performance of the Biosand filters. The type of source water passed through the filter and the level of contamination. The most efficient filters were filters using Borehole water source and was worst with unprotected spring water. Therefore, filters are more effective in treating source water with low turbidity. Biosand filters should continue being used a long side chlorine tablets to remove the remaining 4% of the coliform. Users of BSFs need to be trained on the maintenance of the filters. This should be followed with a monitoring plan to ensure operation and maintenance procedures are followed as this will improve on the performance of the filters.

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