Environmental Management Science

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Assessments of the Forest, Poverty and Environmental Security Nexus in Uganda
(IJSES, 2017) Akiyode, Oluwole O.; Nwankwo, Levi I.; Iyalomhe, Felix O.; Abdu, Yusuf A.; Tumushabe, Anne; Omuna, Daniel
The environmental security and quality of every society are important in the determination of human development and socio-economic developments and its level of peace. The potential of environmental security of a location depends on the sustainable management of its forest. This is because of the ecological services being rendered by forest to the environment. Thereby, the societal system will need to encourage forest sustainability and security in order to continue to enjoy its ecological services. Forest utilization and poverty are interlinked, since the level of poverty may contribute to the rate of utilization of forest while the rate of utilization of forest contributes largely to environmental security and quality. The study examines the relationship between the level of poverty to the use of forest and its implication on environmental security using Uganda as a case. There has been a continuous reduction in the size of Uganda’s Forest Area (Percentage (%) of Land Area) since 1999. The study interconnects the continuous reduction of the Forest Area (Percentage (%) of Land Area) to the country’s well-being and livelihoods and suggests its implications on the environmental security and quality. The study advocates sustainable approaches to the management of forest.
Climate change, food security and environmental security : A conflict inclination assessment of Karamoja region of Uganda
(CPC, 2017) Akiyode, Oluwole O.; Tumushabe, Anne; Katongole, Hadijjah; Onu, Peter
The study investigates the consequences of climate change on food security and environmental security in the Karamoja region of Uganda. It relates climate change to the conflict, insecurity and crises that have been witnessed in the region in the past years. It examines the implications of the change in the grazing pattern of the pastoralists and herdsmen in the time of recurrent drought and dry spells in Karamoja on the security of the region and other communities in Uganda and beyond. It relates the interplay of climate change, environmental security and food security to human security in Karamoja region. It also through focus group discussion (FGD) conducted in Kaabong District of the Karamoja region, identifies the presumed impacts of climate change on the environment and the people alongside its socio-economic implications. In the end, the study suggests proactive environmental security programmes in the Karamoja region which are expected to encourage sustainable mitigation and adaptation strate-gies in its communities, which will encourage its regional peace, security and stability.
Effect of Community Hygiene and Water Handling Practices on Drinking Water Quality in Mpondwe Lhubiriha Town Council, Western Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2023-10-17) Wilfred, Mumbere
Water safety and quality are fundamental to human development and well-being. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of community hygiene and water handling practices on drinking water quality in Mpondwe Lhubiriha Town Council, Kasese District, Western Uganda. Sixteen samples from different water sources and storage vessels in households were analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological Quality during wet and dry season as described in UNBS Portable water quality analysis guidelines. Characterization of Community hygiene, household drinking water handling practices and risk of water contamination was determined by Qualitative methodology. The study findings revealed that community hygiene and water handling practices had a direct effect on water quality where 97.70% of respondents do not practice household water treatment methods. PH, E.C, TDS, temperature, and total hardness were within permissible limits of WHO standard while there was a variation in Dissolved oxygen and nitrates values. Microbial analysis results showed a variation in Total coli and Escherichia coli above UNBS standard this could be due to cross contamination, poor water handling practices where some respondents (41%) had no specific cleaning schedule for water vessels, most respondents (54.00%) were using same vessels for water collection and storage as well as factors from already determined household sanitary risk factor of 39.00-90.00% while Salmonella spp. and Enterococcus bacteria was within limits of WHO standard. This research also revealed that Total coliform and E. coli have a strong positive correlation with Nitrate presence in the water samples (r=0.412, p=0.008) and Nitrates (r=0.557, p=0.000) respectively. Water from some sources and households in this Town Council is not safe for drinking and domestic use. Therefore, should promote good community hygiene, water handling practices and appropriate household water treatment practices to prevent Drinking water Quality variations from the set WHO standard.
Effect of Land Pollution on Community Sustainability in Nakawa Division, Kampala, Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2023-11) Hussein, Hamza Abdisalam
The was study to assess the effects of land pollution on community sustainability conducted in Nakawa Division, Kampala, Uganda to establish the causes of land pollution among the communities, determine the effect of land pollution on community sustainability, and to design mechanisms that can be employed to reduce land pollution and ensuring community sustainability. The data was collected from 182 respondents and 7 key informants. The study results indicated that, industrialization, institutional factors, limited institutional capacity to plant vegetation, low effectiveness in monitoring by NEMA, ineffective implementation of policy, environmental and socio-cultural systems were major causes of land pollution. The effect was generally more negative hence the assertion that land pollution is a key towards community sustainability. It was established that land pollution reduce bio-diversity, increased dangerous gases and generally the community health in terms of plants, animal and people health in the communities. Also, about 80.2% of the respondents said that there were no mechanisms for reduction of land pollution and enhancing community sustainability. The study concludes that the occurrence of land pollution has generally reduced the community sustainability therefore, there is need for industrialization to be effectively managed to incorporate the environmental controls, effective policy implementations, monitoring of land polluters and provision of general environmental controls.
Environmental health determination and assessment of physico-chemical characteristics in Oloshi River, Nigeria
(FTST, 2017) Opara, Jacinta A.; Okwodu, Nicholas E.
The Physico-chemical characteristics of the surface waters and sediment in Oloshi River, non-tidal fresh water were studied between July and December 2015. The Oloshi River drains and receives effluents from cassava mill treatment (starch mill) factory and oil companies in the area. The inhabitants are predominantly farmers and fishermen. All parameters were analyzed using standard methods for examination of water and waste water (ALPHA 1998). The results of water and sediment physico-chemical parameter lies between a mean range of 4.2- 4.4 for pH, 28.5°C for temperature, 1.4-4.8 NTU for conductivity, 1.4 – 4.9 NTU for turbidity, 3.9 – 4.4 ppm for Po4, 0.2 – 1.2 for No3, BOD= 1.1 ppm. The results showed low physico-chemical levels which do not pose serious health risk except for phosphate levels with a range of 3.89 to 4.4 ppm. With regard to seasonal variation, dry season recorded higher values than rainy season except for pH and No3 of the sediment parameter in which the rainy season recorded higher than dry season. Increased level of pollutants in the Oloshi River may have significant effect on the ecological balance of the River.
Environmental health, ecological diseases and sustainable development of fish culture in Nigeria
(International Journal of Biology Research, 2017-10) Opara, JA; Okwodu, NE; Abere, SA
Although existing fisheries management systems have largely failed, the public and most scientists believe this failure is due to overfishing and that the solution includes the precautionary approach, marine protected areas and ecosystem management. The solutions commonly identified actually treat a symptom rather than the problem. Solutions do exist and have the common characteristics of changing the incentives to make what is good for an individuals or group good for society. Example already in place is the aqua-cultural development which has unveiled to an extent the degree to which fish farm can sustain the economy and provide the necessary protein need of the country. Fish farmer’s sees their business as an answer to the ecological problems associated with over fishing in the wild state and other human impact on rivers. Ecological disease of fish culture caused by poor water quality has posed a serious threat to fishing industry in Nigeria. These stress factors in the environment has been magnified to catastrophic levels in recent times because of the rate of environmental degradation that has been going on unabated. Addressing ecological diseases of fish culture constitute one of the most important steps towards improvement and increasing productivity of fish culture establishment in Nigeria. It is apparent that ecological diseases of fish develop from human anthropogenic impacts on water quality and poor management of the system. Fish farmers can keep their fish in good physical condition and improve productivity by proper design of facilities, good management and good care.
The Impact of Climate Change on Community Livelihood in Jowhar Middleshabelle Region of SomaliCommunity Participation in Environmental Conservation Practice In Guri’el, Galmudug State, Somalia
(Kampala International University, 2023-09-24) Ali, Mohamed Yusuf
This study established the contribution of community participation in environmental conservation practice, examined the challenges faced by the communities in environmental conservation practice, and also proposed mechanisms that can be employed in environmental conservation practice in Guirel District. The study adopted a quantitative research method in which questionnaires were used to gather data from 171 respondents, with the use of descriptive statistical analysis to answer the research questions. The research hypothesis was tested at a 0.005 alpha level of significance. The study established that environmental conservation in the district is done through several mechanisms including the provision of seedlings to the community by the Government, periodic tree planting, provision of land for tree planting, the establishment of tree schemes by the Government, and provision of seedlings for reforestation by NGOs. Therefore, communities play a big role in the implementation of conservation programs in the district through the actual planting of trees and monitoring of the conservation programs. However, involved communities were challenged with a lack of financial support, limited information on conservation, lack of accessibility to the reforestation schemes, and a low level of awareness and this limited their support of the programs. The study therefore, recommends that a forest management plan that is involving community members in every stage and also making them play a key role in the management of the forest should be made so that they would argue what they want and how they want it done for a better understanding of the forest management. The study recommends that there is a need for government to popularize unknown species so that communities can benefit from their commercial exploitation.
Impacts of climate change on crop production. A case study of Tisai Island, Ongino Sub County, Kumi District
(School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2015-07) Akurut, Marion
Climate change in Tisai Island is one of the constraints on crop production and has become so rapid especially in the last 10 to 20 years. According to this study, climate change refers to the average weather or statistical description of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands of millions of years (30 years). The main objective of the study was to explore the impacts of climate change on crop productivity in Tisai Island and the specific objectives were; to find out the causes of climate change, to establish the effects of climate change on crop productivity, to identify the measures used in mitigating climate change effects on crop productivity, and to examine the measures used in increasing crop productivity amidst climate change. The sampling methods were random sampling and judgmental sampling and the sample size was 50 respondents. The instruments for data collection were; questionnaires, interview guides and observation which helped in identifying different climate change phenomenon. During the study, the researcher found out that climate change in Tisai Island is caused by many factors like charcoal burning, bush burning, fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. This has led to various effects such as unreliable rainfall, extreme temperatures, increased pests and disease, floods and soil infertility. However, some mitigation measures are being implemented by the government and nongovernmental organizations to curb down the situation and they are; strict laws and policies, public awareness and participation, afforestation and reforestation and public participation. In conclusion, climate change in Tisai Island is caused majorly by deforestation and bush burning and to a small extent caused by fossil fuel combustion resulting to high temperatures, floods, droughts and unreliable rainfall. However these have been mitigated by measures like awareness creation, public participation, laws and policies, afforestation and reafforestati on. The researcher therefore recommends that development projects like rural electrification programmes, modern agricultural programmes should be extended in the area to help in regulating human activities Iike de forestation, bush burning and charcoal burning. The National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) together with the government and other organizations should carry out various projects like afforestation and reafforestation and irrigation. Fines and charges should put in place to combat environmental degradation. Public awareness should be increased through adverts on radios, posters and carrying out freely attended seminars and also Farmers should also be provided with fast maturing crop varieties to increase their yields. Lastly promotion of Food security by encouraging people to store food for their families in the granaries
The implications of sustainable development programmes on environmental sustainability in Nigeria
(IJAR, 2017-02) Akiyode, Oluwole Olusegun; Wilson-Osigwe, Menwo Ukechi; Oluwole, Raji Ibrahim
Human security and sustainable development all over the world hinges on successful environmental sustainability. Nigeria was a signatory to Agenda 21 in 1992 and has been introducing policies in its systems which include laws that serve the three tier governments (Federal, States and Local Governments) in its bid to achieve environmental sustainability. These laws and policies serves as instruments for environmental protection, planning, prevention and pollution control. This study analyses the state of Nigeria environment before the inception of the Millennium Development Goal MDG 7 which was to ensure environmental sustainability and examines what happens after the programmes took off and ended. It examines sustainable practices in Nigeria that supports and encourages environmental sustainability. It identifies challenges to the achievement of environmental sustainability in the MDG 7 programmes. It also classifies the emerging environmental issues in the country. At the end, it advocates forward strategies in the achievement of environmental security in Nigeria.
Industrial waste management: brief survey and advice to cottage, small and medium scale industries in Uganda
(International Journal of Advanced Academic Research | Sciences, Technology & Engineering, 2017-01) Godswill, Awuchi Chinaza
Cottage, small and medium scale industries in developing countries account for large share of employment and, in most cases, production. Recent growth of these classes of industries has been in response to high labour availability and low financial resources in most of these developing countries. However, the urban management program of UNCHS (Habitat), together with World Bank, UNDP, and other collaborating agencies, have pointed out the general lack of technical-know-how and adequate knowledge on waste management regarding the cottage, small and medium scale industries and their relative impact on the environment. The definition of micro (cottage), small and medium enterprises includes all types of enterprises irrespective of their legal form (such as family enterprises, sole proprietorships or cooperatives) or whether they are formal or informal enterprises to ensure inclusiveness (MTIC, 2015). A cottage industry has within 1 to 4 employees, small scale 6 to 50, medium scale 50 to 300, and large scale >300 employees.
Inquiry-Based Learning and Environmental Education in Nigeria: An Analysis of Students’ Acquisition of Manipulative Skills in Geometric Construction
(SCHOLARS WORLD, 2017) Opara, Jacinta A.; Nguuma, Jimin
This paper perceives geometric construction as an important aspect of environment education. It examined the effect of IBL on students’ acquisition of manipulative skills in geometric construction in education zone B of Benue State, Nigeria. The study also investigated whether the skills acquisition could be affected by gender and ability levels. Sample for the study comprised of 300 Senior Secondary 1 students selected from six schools within Education Zone B of Benue State using a multi-stage sampling technique. The study adopted a quasi-experimental non equivalent pretest-posttest design. Intact classes were assigned to the experimental and control groups. Data was generated using Geometric Construction Manipulative Skills Test (GCMST) which was the research made essay test. The reliability of the instrument was computed using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and found to be 0.98. The study was guided by three research questions and three hypotheses. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation to answer the three research questions and inferential statistics of Analysis of Covariance was used to test the three hypotheses. Hypotheses tested reveals that students exposed to IBL exhibited greater manipulative skills in geometric construction (F=392.69; p=0.002) than those exposed to conventional methods. In addition, male and female students taught using IBL did not differ significantly in acquisition of manipulative skills (F=1.58; p=0.211). Also, High and low ability students did not differ significantly in demonstration of geometric construction skills acquired (F=0.14; p=709). Based on these findings, the study recommended among others that mathematics teachers should use IBL in teaching students practical mathematics skills. It concluded that IBL is a framework for outcome-based education which is a trust towards greater learner-centred pedagogy therefore it should be considered a useful addition to the variety of existing mathematics teaching approaches that attempts to involve learners more in their own learning.
Management of Biodegradable Waste among Rural Residents in Southern Nigeria: Implications for Environmental Public Health
(Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2018) Opara, Jacinta A.
This work investigated the management of biodegradable waste among residents in a South-East Locality of Nigeria. The design adopted was descriptive survey design. The population size was 270,902 residents in Ahiazu Mbaise Local Government Area. The sample for the study consisted of 840 respondents selected using a multi-stage procedure. Four objectives guided the study. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency tables and simple percentages. The study revealed that majority(706; 84&%) of the residents agreed on the common types of biodegradable waste generated; majority use broom and bare hand (hand picking) to collect biodegradable waste with the frequencies of 648 (77%) and 560 (67%)respectively; majority agreed on the methods of transporting biodegradable waste with an overall frequency of 584 (70%) and that majority agreed the methods of disposal of biodegradable waste with an overall frequency of 632 (75%). Based on these, it was recommended among others that health educators should be employed in the ministry of environment with mandate of organizing health talks for the residents to enlighten them on the management of biodegradable and that government should provide adequate means and facilities for the management of waste in our surroundings.
Medicinal plants use in and around kalinzu central forest reserve, Western Uganda
(JMPS, 2017-10) Musinguzi, Danson; Tumushabe, Anne; Sekabira, Kassim; Basamba, Twaha A; Byarugaba, Dominic
This study assessed medicinal use, diversity, and conservation techniques for plant species used in the treatment of various ailments among the local communities living around Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve in Western Uganda. The objectives of the study were: (1) to assess the diversity, use, and conservation of medicinal plants in and around Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve; and (2) to evaluate the importance of medicinal plants to communities surrounding the tropical forest. Plant species were identified and their distinctiveness such as their mode of extract preparation, parts used, and ailments treated documented. In-situ study and information on plant species was obtained by using transects or quadrant methods, Semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. Eighteen (18) plant species belonging to thirteen (13) families and sixteen (16) genera were identified by local communities for medical purposes. The utilization and preference of plant products included fruits, vegetables, medicines, fire wood, construction materials, and other purposes as 76.7% of the local people use the forest as a source for medicines. Shannon Weiner Index, H’ = 2.554 and Species Evenness, EH = 0.8836 were calculated. These values indicated uneven distribution of medicinal plant species especially in areas where there is no replacement. Adherence to traditional norms and cultures, inadequate medical services and other health care services put medicinal plants at the centre of basic primary health care. This has made it difficult to effectively implement conservation measures in Kalinzu central forest reserve due to the high dependencies on the forest products by the surrounding communities.
Medicinal plants use in and around Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve, Western Uganda
(Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 2017) Musinguzi, Danson
This study assessed medicinal use, diversity, and conservation techniques for plant species used in the treatment of various ailments among the local communities living around Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve in Western Uganda. The objectives of the study were: (1) to assess the diversity, use, and conservation of medicinal plants in and around Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve; and (2) to evaluate the importance of medicinal plants to communities surrounding the tropical forest. Plant species were identified and their distinctiveness such as their mode of extract preparation, parts used, and ailments treated documented. In-situ study and information on plant species was obtained by using transects or quadrant methods, Semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. Eighteen (18) plant species belonging to thirteen (13) families and sixteen (16) genera were identified by local communities for medical purposes. The utilization and preference of plant products included fruits, vegetables, medicines, fire wood, construction materials, and other purposes as 76.7% of the local people use the forest as a source for medicines. Shannon Weiner Index, H’ = 2.554 and Species Evenness, EH = 0.8836 were calculated. These values indicated uneven distribution of medicinal plant species especially in areas where there is no replacement. Adherence to traditional norms and cultures, inadequate medical services and other health care services put medicinal plants at the centre of basic primary health care. This has made it difficult to effectively implement conservation measures in Kalinzu central forest reserve due to the high dependencies on the forest products by the surrounding communities.
Performance of Biomass Briquettes as an Alternative Energy Source Compared to Wood Charcoal in Uganda
(IJSES, 2017) Mahoro, Gloria Brenda; Eniru, Emmanuel Innocent; Omuna, Daniel; Abdu, Yusuf Abdulfatah
The environmental, financial and social questions, as well as the rapid increase in demand for energy fuels, emphasize the need to investigate and generate information on the performance of charcoal compared to briquettes as an alternative source of renewables in Kampala district. The study objective was to compare the performance of biomass briquettes as an alternative energy source to wood charcoal. The performance was measured using a modified water boiling test and a controlled cooking test. Data collected were analyzed using chi-square tests and cross tabulations on households’ socio-economic factors that promoted the popularity and use of briquettes or wood charcoal. Results from the modified water boiling test showed that the weight of wood charcoal, carbonized and non-carbonized briquettes consumed in boiling two litres of water is significantly different. From the controlled cooking test, the weight of charcoal used to cook dry beans is significantly higher than that of briquettes used to cook the same amount of beans. It was recommended that wood charcoal and briquettes perform similarly when used over short periods of time, but briquettes perform better over much longer periods.
Performance of Biomass Briquettes as an Alternative Energy Source Compared to Wood Charcoal in Uganda
(International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Science, 2017) Mahoro, Gloria Brenda; Omuna, Daniel; Eniru, Emmanuel Innocent
The environmental, financial and social questions, as well as the rapid increase in demand for energy fuels, emphasize the need to investigate and generate information on the performance of charcoal compared to briquettes as an alternative source of renewables in Kampala district. The study objective was to compare the performance of biomass briquettes as an alternative energy source to wood charcoal. The performance was measured using a modified water boiling test and a controlled cooking test. Data collected were analyzed using chi-square tests and cross tabulations on households’ socio-economic factors that promoted the popularity and use of briquettes or wood charcoal. Results from the modified water boiling test showed that the weight of wood charcoal, carbonized and non-carbonized briquettes consumed in boiling two litres of water is significantly different. From the controlled cooking test, the weight of charcoal used to cook dry beans is significantly higher than that of briquettes used to cook the same amount of beans. It was recommended that wood charcoal and briquettes perform similarly when used over short periods of time, but briquettes perform better over much longer periods.
Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Use and Adoption of Family-Sized Bio-digesters as Renewable Energy Sources in Ngoma District, Rwanda
(Preprints (www.preprints.org), 2018-05-25) Musinguzi, Danson; Kayinamura, Emmanuel; Tumushabe, Ann; Omuna, Daniel; Eniru, Emmanuel I; Akiyode, Oluwole O; Mwebesa, Edson; Byarugaba, Dominic; Basamba, Twaha A.; Katongole, Hadijjah
1) Background: The environmental, financial and social questions in Africa remain unanswered up-to-date, with the rapid increase in human population and the demand for fuel energy, trigger the need to generate data on the socio-economic factors influencing the knowledge of use and adoption of family-sized bio-digesters. The increasing prices of fossil fuels and taxes on energy sources require finding the alternative, clean and economical sources of energy for households in developing countries. Moreover, in Africa, the consumption of firewood and charcoal continues to increase, with wood fuel consumption predicted to increase by 2030 to over 140%. The study objectives were 1) to determine the socio-economic characteristics of the people in Ngoma district, 2) to assess socio-economic factors influencing people to use and adopt family-sized biodigesters. 2) Methods: Quantitative data collected with semi-structured questionnaires and interviews were analyzed using descriptive statistics. 3) Results: The results show that many households had not realized the potential benefits of biogas use and adoption in Rwanda. The study further found that a number of factors such as household income levels, socio-economic, technological, and institutional influence the household use and adoption of biogas energy. 4) Conclusions: At the end, the study suggests the need for all players such as Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO's) and local communities to work together to provide incentives and favorable environment that can attract individual households to invest in biogas energy production and utilization.
Urban environmental security in a continuously growing city in sub-saharan africa in the climate change era: a case of Kampala, Uganda
(American Journal of Environmental Policy and Management, 2017) Oluwole, Olusegun Akiyode
The total well-being of urban dwellers in a continuously growing city depends on its urban environmental security. However, climate change impacts may increase stress that may be affecting the continuously growing urban settings in Sub-Saharan African countries. This is mainly because of the inadequacy in planning and preparation for the consequences of the rapid urbanization in most of the continuously growing cities. The study investigates the urban environmental security in a continuously growing city in Sub-Saharan Africa using Kampala capital city in Uganda as a case study. The study relates infrastructural development to implications of rapid urbanization and climate change in Kampala. It also examines the relationship between urban food security and conditions of living of the residents. The study further analysis the indispensability of water security, forests and wetlands in Kampala capital city in the climate change era. The study advocates sustainable urban environmental security processes as a panacea to urban-related threats in a continuously growing city.

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