Master of Science in Environmental Management
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- ItemAdoption of inorganic fertilizes for crop production by local communities in Soroti District, Uganda.(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2012-10) Eniru Emmanuel, InnocentIn modern agriculture, inorganic fertilizers are commonly being used to supplement soil nutrients, to promote plant growth, to increase crop productivity and also improve food quality. Fertilizer adoption in Uganda in small holder agriculture is among the lowest in comparison with other Sub-Sahara African countries. This study was carried out to investigate the adoption of inorganic fertilizers for crop production in Soroti district by identifying the common types of inorganic fertilizers used for crop production, finding out the factors affecting the adoption of inorganic fertilizers, and determining the relationship between adoption of inorganic fertilizers and crop yields. The methods used were stratified random sampling, purposive, and snowball sampling. The data collection instruments were the questionnaires and structured interview schedules. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists software. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the adoption of inorganic fertilizers and crop yields. ANOVA and t-test were carried out to determine significant mean differences between samples. Results from the study showed that DAP and Urea are the most commonly used inorganic fertilizers in all the sub-counties. The factors affecting adoption of inorganic fertilizers are high cost of purchasing, lack of sensitization, inaccessibility of the inorganic fertilizers, lack of training, cultural or negative attitude, poor storage facilities, and unreliable weather patterns. The ANOVA test indicated that there is no significant mean difference in fertilizer usage among the four sub-counties. However, from the t-test for independent samples, it was observed that there is a statistically significant difference between the means in the views regarding fertilizer usage between the local people in the different sub-counties and agricultural officers from NGOs, CBOs and NAADs coordinators. There is a modest and significant correlation between the adoption of inorganic fertilizers and crop yields. This study recommends frequent sensitization and training sessions, integrated fertilizer-use approach, a comprehensive fertilizer policy, provision of improved seeds or crop varieties, and setting up community demo-sites and carrying Environmental screening.
- ItemAssessing the impact of water scarcity on agriculture productivity: A case study of Gabiley District, Somalia(Kampala International University, 2018) Sharmarke, Abdi MusseApparently Gabiley District undergoes water crisis where the demand of water outstrips the available water. This has resulted in number of consequences in various aspects in the life of the people, but most importantly hindering their agricultural productivity despite the agriculture contributes 70% of the economy of the county as the people predominantly graze animals (goat, sheep, camel, cattle). However, the major purpose of this study was to examine the Impact of prevailing water crisis in Gabiley has had on Agricultural productions in Gabiley District Somalia. The study assessed the major factors that are responsible water scarcity; and the adaptation measures that people are currently resorting to acclimatize with growing water menace. Both Quantitative and qualitative data analysis were used in the study to analyze different primary data obtained from the field and from the Ministry of Agriculture particularly rainfall distributions data and cereal production trends. Pearson Coefficient Correlation was employed to determine whether there is significant relationship between water shortage particularly precariousness of rainfall performance and crop yields. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Maize (Zea mays) were selected as benchmark crops due to availability of statistical data trends. Rainfall data for the last 10 years was obtained from there is strong, positive significant correlation between rainfall variability and Produced yields in Gabiley over the last 7years (2010-2016), (r=0.53, and p=0.05). The study finds rainfall distribution in Gabiley District that in turn results in frequent droughts as critical factor that affects water availability in Gabiley District. Disparity of water supply, local climate change, poor harvesting of rainwater, and overstocking are all found as important factors that cause water scarcity in Gabiley District, and it has resulted in reduction of surface water, changes of water table, as well as changes of quality and quantity of yields and formation of hardpans in the soil. Meanwhile, the study has found important adaptation measures being used in the area by local people to acclimatize with prevailing water crisis in Gabiley. This study emphasizes bold measures against prevailing micro-climatic changes in the study area, halt deforestation, regulate on climate and efficiently utilize rainwater, and provide water governance policies and rights to ensure the harmonization of different needs on water resources. These measures will complement to one another, and ultimately counteract the severe water shortage in Gabiley District, Somalia.
- ItemAssessing the Level of Awareness of the Impact of Charcoal on Forest Degradation in Mpigi District(Kampala International University, 2022-10) Sadiya, Fatah JamaThe study conducted for Assessing the level of awareness of the impact of charcoal burning on forest degradation in Mpigi District. The objectives were to assess the level of knowledge of the long-term effects of charcoal burning on the environment in Mpigi district secondly to examine the effect of charcoal burning on forests usage/ degradation and finally to establish mechanisms for sustainable charcoal burning to enhance forest conservation in Mpigi district. The data was collected from 315 respondents using questionnaires and 8 Key informant interviews. The study found that people in Mpigi district had little or low awareness on the long-term effects of charcoal burning on the environment. The findings for the study show that 36.8% respondents were aware, 112(35.6%) respondents disagreed to awareness while 87(27.6%) respondents were not sure. The long-term effects of charcoal burning were on the environment, forests and agriculture in the long run; the occurrence of charcoal burning reduced the environmental features of forests and agriculture. Secondly the study found that charcoal burning reduces the forests coverage, the effect of the charcoal burning was reduction of the forest cover reducing significantly the forests both of natural and manmade, these effectively reduce the values of the forest covers presenting a negative influence for the forest coverage in Mpigi district. Thirdly the study reveals that mechanisms in place for government for sustainable charcoal burning in Mpigi district indicate that enhanced legal framework for managing forests, Community sensitization on deforestation, providing security in the forest and finally Instituted strict forest monitoring are the mechanisms put in place for the sustainable charcoal burning in the district. The study concludes that in the long run, the charcoal burning significantly affects the environment in Mpigi district. The effect of charcoal burning to the environment significantly remains high with the influences generally degrading the environment. secondly the study found that charcoal burning reduces the forests coverage, the effect of the charcoal burning was reduction of the forest cover reducing significantly the forests both of natural and manmade, these effectively reduce the values of the forest covers presenting a negative influence for the forests coverage in Mpigi district thirdly the study on the mechanisms in place for government for sustainable charcoal burning in Mpigi district indicate that enhanced legal framework for managing forests, Community sensitization on deforestation, providing security in the forest and finally Instituted strict forest monitoring are the mechanisms put in place for the sustainable charcoal burning in the district. The study recommends that first, the government of Uganda, through the relevant authorities, implements the existing forest and resource laws so as to ensure proper usage of the forest related products, Secondly, there is need for the forests usage to be improved, developed and enhanced through generating efficiency of the forest system. The power of charcoal production needs to be developed with efficiency and regulations be possibly developed for the managerial policy and development mechanisms. Thirdly the study recommends that there is need for Increased monitoring and enforcement of illegal timber extraction should be conducted by both local and government stakeholders. There is need for strengthening laws transferring increased decision-making and law enforcement authority to local communities could result the further decentralization of decision-making power
- ItemAssessing the Opportunities and Constraints Of adopting Agro-Forestry Practices by Smallholder Farmers in Luwero District, Central Uganda o(Kampala International University, 2023-08-07) Ahmed, Ali HashiThe study assessed the opportunities and constraints of adopting agro-forestry practices by smallholder farmers in Luwero district, central Uganda. It characterizes the agro-forestry practices undertaken by smallholder farmers in Luwero. It examines the determinants for the adoption of agro-forestry by smallholder farmers. It also ascertains the opportunities for adopting agro-forestry practices by smallholder farmers and establishes the constraints to adopting agro-forestry practices. Data was collected from 304 respondents providing information from administered questionnaires and interviews with 10 respondents. The study discovered that agro-forestry in Luwerois characterized by the presence of home-based agriculture schemes and field agricultural programsthat are expected to enable food security. It found that agro-forestry is determined naturally by the presence of good rainfall and climatic conditions, education of the community and family size, government policy supporting adoption of agro-forestry and presence of institutions such as NEMA in the regulations.The study found that agro-forestry provides economic opportunities through employment and income, rainfall, provide a sense of environmental sustainability, supporting environmental security, provision of food and animals as food for the people in the small holder farms.The study also identifiesthat agro-forestry is constrained bythe ineffective implementation of policy, poor policy management, lack of effective control for agriculture, drought constraint the agro-forestry, presence of disastrous winds, lack of water for irrigation and high costs of the agro-forestry schemes.Hence, it concludes that agro-forestry practices are common amongst the small holder farmers in the Luwero district, though the farmers are not conversant with the programme (crops and trees are cultivated on the same piece of land). Secondly, it affirms that agro-forestry by small holder farmers in the Luwero district is supported by the presence of rainfall and good climatic conditions, supportive government policy and institutions which agitate for theschemes in the district. Thirdly, it surmises that agro-forestry in the Luwero district provides positive economic, environmental and food security mechanisms for the people. It also concludes that agro-forestry is constrained bythe lack of adequate policy essential to significantlysupports the schemes, low access to irrigation.The study recommends theadoption of agro-forestry-based climate change adaptation technologies among smallholder farmers in the Luwero district. There is a need for improvement and increasing governmental and institutional support systems that will enable farmers in the watershed to have equitable assess to interventions that promote the practising of agro-forestry. Also, farmers’ access to markets needs to be improved with the creation of value chains for agro-forestry products.There is a need for developing strategies, frameworks and indicators at alllevels to continuously measure progress in agro-forestry systems and their climate benefits.
- ItemAssessing the role of indigenous soil conservation systems in farming: a case of Birere Sub-County, Isingiro District.(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2007-10) Katongole, HadijjahThe study assessed the role of indigenous soil conservation systems used in farming in Birere sub-County. Located in the new created Isingiro District, Birere sub-County is endowed with fertile soils which make farming the main economic activity being carried out. The farmers use indigenous methods in soil conservation though on a lower rate. It’s against such a background that this research was carried out. The general objective of the research was to find out the indigenous soil conservation systems used and how they conserve soils. The methodology used included the use of simple random sampling for selection of the study area, stratified random and systematic list sampling for selection of respondents. The methods of data collection included observation, questionnaires and interviews. Data were analyzed with the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Systems used in Birere sub-County among which are mulching, crop rotation, fallowing, intercropping and the use of compost manure among others. These techniques were used in the conservation of soils by adding fertility and controlling erosion among others. The findings also showed that there was a loss of indigenous knowledge due to factors such as the introduction of scientific methods of farming. The research recommends that the government should include indigenous knowledge in the schools’ curricula, make database for the storage of this important knowledge and communities should get involved in decision making so that there is awareness of the this rich diversity of knowledge. In conclusion it should be noted that the best farming system is one that protects the land against erosion and guards against the breakdown of the soil structure and the loss of the soil nutrients. A good farming system needs to take advantage of the tones of human, plant and animal refuse that are being produced daily
- ItemAssessment of community participation in municipal solid waste management in Monrovia City, Liberia(Kampala International University, 2021-10) Toe, Lydia T.The study assessed community participation in municipal solid waste management in Monrovia, Liberia. It was guided by three specific objectives; to assess the types/forms of municipal waste management strategies in Monrovia, Liberia, to document the mode of community management participation strategies in waste management and to explore the attitudes and awareness of residents on waste management in Monrovia Liberia. The researcher administered questionnaires to 400 respondents and employed a cross-sectional research design. Descriptive statistics used included frequencies, means and regression analysis. Results indicated that reduction, reuse and recycle are the municipal waste management practices applied in Monrovia. The waste types included any scrap material, effluent or unwanted surplus substance or article that requires disposal because it is broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled. The residents expressed positive attitude toward waste handling and transport, varying from region to region within Monrovia. It was therefore, established that waste collection services were mainly provided to the official areas in central Monrovia and Mamba Point while most of the communities received poor or no services. Giving people more opportunities to participate effectively in garbage collection can highly improve on the strategies used in waste management in Monrovia. Lastly, households attitudes towards waste collection can be improved by involving public participation and attaching a fee on waste collection service based on the waste volume or weight. The management of Monrovia City Corporation should, therefore, allow the community members’ full participation in waste management programmes as this will improve communal responsibility in waste management. This could be achieved through building capacity among the community members as one of the strategies to improve waste management. This study brought up new frontiers of knowledge and information on how community participation should be done, it also exposed the weaknesses that were found out in current operations of waste management in relation to reduction, reuse and recycle.
- ItemAssessment of industrial wastewater effluents into urban ecosystem Kigali, Rwanda(Kampala International University.College of Engneering, 2013-12) Edwin, ByusaRwanda is developing its industrial sector for economic development; those industries are regularly generating wastes, either solid, liquid and gas which can in one way or another harm the living species. For the purpose of this study, an assessment of industrial wastewater effluents into urban wetland ecosystem was done and City of Kigali is considered. The objectives of the study was to establish the pollutants in the effluent of key point sources of Kigali and then assess the effluent discharge management methods and treatments regimes. if any. of three key identified pollution point sources. The pollution due to discharge of untreated industrial effluent into environment is a disturbing environmental crisis of Kigali City. Industries do not have effluent treatment facilities and where the system exists, it does not meet the requirement for effluent standard before their dumping into surface water. It is for this endeavor that effluents from some industries were analyzed through laboratory experiments and then compare the results to the national standards maximum limits requi1·ed for effluents to be discharged to environment. It was found that the urban wetland is polluted by the presence of a higher concentration of TSS. COD. Faecal Coli forms. Cd. Cu. CN. Ni and Phenol rn all the tree sampling sites. And Pb at Kabuye and UTEXR WA. As at UTEXRWA and RUGANWA and then TDS at UTEXRWA, BOD at KABUYE. Fe at UTEXRWA, Cr (VI) at UTEXR WA and Hg is higher at UTEXR WA. The pH value was found to be higher at UTEXR WA and lower at Kabuye. The problem of unplanned settlement leads to having many human activities near those effluents point. Both animal and plant communities are highly affected by the pollulated effluents. so all concerned industries should treat their effluents to protect the biodiversity and reuse them for saving costs, then water is regulated. and the industry's public image is improved. Government should ensure that the fixed standards are respected by monitoring wastewater discharges. The principle of intergeneration equity should guide all of us, as environmental protection is concerned. This is the wise use of environment, natural resources for present and future generations.
- ItemAssessment of the effects of Mining on land cover change in Kogi and Kaduna States, Nigeria(Kampala International University, 2018) Balarebe, Egun SamuelThis study was conducted in Itaphe hills in Kogi state and Birnin Gwari in Kaduna state, Nigeria to assess the effects of mining activities on land cover changes. There is a conflict between economic gains as a result of mining activities on land cover changes resulting in environmental degradation. Therefore this study was an attempt to fill the existing knowledge gap. According to Kibuuka M, (2012), research Gap(s) is a problem which has not been addressed so far in this particular field of study. This is because the reason for one to undertake a research work should be a lack of an insufficiency or gap in existence. In the above dispensation, this particular study has not been done in these areas before now therefore it is a gap. Three objectives were developed to carry out the study; objective one:- to determine the drivers of mining activities in Kogi and Kaduna states, Nigeria, objective two:- to examine the extent of mining activities and land cover change in Kogi and Kaduna states, Nigeria; for the years 1995, 2005, 2015. Objective three:- to assess and compare the effects of mining activities on land cover change in Kogi and Kaduna states, Nigeria. Research questions and null hypotheses were developed to support the research findings; Methods- descriptive and comparative design was adopted for the two mining areas under investigation. Questionnaires and face to face interviews were conducted based on the sampling technique. Data were collected, analyzed and the findings were interpreted as follows; objective one: the results revealed that the greatest driver of mining activities was availability of minerals with 46%, then demand for mineral with 42%, industrialization with 8% and increased population with 4%. Objective two, the study revealed that Kogi in 1995, the mean deviation 3.7681Ex104, in 2005 the mean was 1.8028Ex104 and 2015, it was 8.5064x103 for dense land cover that sowed 0.000 which is less than 0.05 level of significance, hence Ho was rejected. The same finding of sig Value 0.000 was recorded for sparse land in Kogi and so the Ho was rejected since it was less than 0.05 level of significance. In Kaduna the study showed that in 1995, the Dense land cover mean was 3.2182x104 but in 2005, it was 2.0553x104 with the sig value of 0.000 which is less than 0.05 level of significance, hence Ho was rejected. The study also computed the sparse land cover results and it showed the Sig Value of 0.000 for 2005, 2015, hence the Ho was rejected. Objective Three:- the findings obtained from the above objective , indicated that loss of vegetation was most affected with 78% , followed by Disruption of ecosystems with 14%, Acid rain 5% and soil erosion 3% . The study found out that that land cover resources attracted anthropogenic phenomenon (e.g mineral exploitation and industrial build-up) in land cover areas. The study recommended that strengthening institutional monitoring and planning frameworks would help to improve sustainable governance of the humid tropical areas. The study also recommends conducting environmental auditing and mitigation studies against these damages including regular inspections should be executed to keep these activities of mining under control as stipulated in Nigerian Environmental Management Act of no 20 of 2004.
- ItemAssessment of the Impact of Urbanization on Environmental Conservation Measures in Namanve Industrial Park Area, Mukono District, Uganda(Kampala International University, 2023-09-21) Isse, Ahmed MohamedThe study determined the impact of urbanization on environmental conservation measures in the Namanve industrial park area, Mukono District, Uganda. The objectives were to: 1) evaluate the effect of urbanization on the environmental conservation measure, 2) document the environmental conservation practices/measures and 3) suggest mechanisms for the implementation of environmental conservation efforts in the Namanve industrial park area, Mukono District, Uganda. The study utilised a mixed research design in its approach. Hence, data was collected from 296 quantitative respondents and 10 qualitative respondents from the study area. The study discovered that the rate of conservation does not depend on urbanisation. Also, afforestation and reforestation were part of the environmental conservation practices/measures. Second objective findings indicate that continued urbanisation has reduced environmental conservation measures. Thirdly the study indicates that there are some mechanisms put in place for the implementation of environmental conservation efforts in the study area such as air pollution control mechanisms, green environment conservation, the provision of information controls for the environment and the provision of conservation policies. The study concludes that there is ineffectiveness in the environmental conservation practices in Namanve industrial park. Furthermore, it affirms that there is limited environmental conservation practices/measure in Namanve Industrial park. The study concludes that increased urbanisation reduces the environmental conservation measures in Namanve industrial park area, Mukono District, Uganda. The study recommends sustainable environmental practices that will sustain the environmental conservation approaches engaged in the study area.
- ItemAssessment of urban potable water availability and accessibility in Kigali City, Rwanda(Kampala International University.College of Engneering, 2013-12) Theoneste, Bimenyimana
- ItemAssessment of urban potable water availability and accessibility in Kigali City, Rwanda(Kampala International University, Master’s Degree of Environmental Management and Development, 2013-12) Bimenyimana, TheonesteThere is insufficient freshwater in the world for everyone’s essential personal and domestic needs (Johns, 1998). However, lack of distribution nei:works and working systems to extract groundwater or harvest rainwater; exclusion from these services or facilities; inequitable allocation of water resources; and pollution, limit people’s access to sufficient clean water. Large numbers of households in cities around the developing world do not have access to safe drinking water. This study was about urban potable water availability and accessibility in Kigali City, especially in the selected sectors of Gatovu, Nyabugogo, and Kacyiru in Kigali city. A field survey was conducted using questionnaire that were administered to 100 respondents selected purposively. Statistical data analyses were performed using SPSS version 16.0, and maps were produced with Arc GIS software version 9.3 and 10. The water quality was studied in the laboratories and analyzed by Rwanda Bureau of Standards (RBS). Pearson correlation coefficient (PrCC) was done to analyze the associations between the Physico~ chemical contaminants in the potable ground water sources such as River water, improved ground well and rain water. The water quality in the available water sources was however below or within acceptable levels of drinking water in comparison with WHO (2011) standards. Physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics tested were in the range that is palatable to humans. Furthermore, the existing water network was not evenly distributed over the entire area of Kigali city which showed lack of safe potable water in many areas. Poor availability and accessibility of potable water have negative impacts such as diseases, accidents, insecurity for vulnerable groups like women and children, and economical constraints like high costs of water bills and transport for long distances. Based on current situation, there is need for government to improve rainwater harvesting and management in Kigali city.
- ItemChemical and bacteriological assessment of piped and borehole water in Des salaam city, Tanzania(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2009-10) Mary. C., KayomboThis study was undertaken to determine the quality of water by determining the e physicochemical parameters, chemical parameters and bacteriological properties of piped water, and boreholes water in Dar es Salaam city, as well as determination of the seasonal variation of raw water quality. Piped water samples were purposively collected at the point of treatment to the point of use. However all the operational boreholes water samples were sampled. Chlorine, conductivity, temperature, pH and Total dissolved solids were analyzed direct from the sites while Colour, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Alminium, Iron, Manganese, Ammonia, Nitrates, Chlorides, Calcium, Total coliforms and Faecal coliforms were analyzed in the laboratory following the standard procedures for water analysis. The results showed that, piped water was of better quality compared to that of the borehole as most of the values analyzed were within the maximum permissible limit according to WHO (2008) and current Tanzanian standards. The major contaminants in underground water were calcium derived geochemically, faecal coliforms and total coliform attributed to anthropogenic activities. Values for conductivity were much high for the borehole samples, with the highest mean value of (1241.5±1086.98) ps/cm recorded at Mzimuni Primary School while for the piped was (I52.35±48.65)ps/cm recorded at Upper Ruvu plant. The low values from the piped water were due to efficient water treatment process done by DAWASCO. The chemical elements analyzed in piped water, were all below the permissible limit except aluminium which had the highest mean value of (I.43±1.17)mg/l at House hold 1 which was above 1.0mg/I of that of Tanzanian standard maximum permissible limit of drinking water whereas those obtained from the borehole, were within the permissible limit. The highest mean value for total coliform was 3.66±0.58/lOQml from the piped water at City Botanical Garden and 3.33±2.08/100m for House hold 3, and 3±1/lOOmI, from the boreholes at Shauri Moyo. The highest value for faecal
- ItemCommunity perceptions towards compositing of municipal solid waste in Ewuata Village, Eruba Parish, vura Subcounty in Arua District(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2010-09) Amandua Ecebo, JosephRapid growth of businesses and population in and around Arua town has led to increased production of solid waste consequently giving rise to increased volume of waste dumped in recipient communities. The most attractive and environmentally friendly option to get rid of this huge pileup of garbage and subsequent ones is through composting. The perceptions of recipient communities are crucial to understanding how municipal solid waste management problems might be resolved. Since Arua municipality still uses open dumping system of waste management, there is need to compost this waste to reduce its volume and at the same time to provide compost and other benefits associated with composting to the community. The perceptions of communities in the dumping areas (recipient communities) are likely to influence the start-up and performance of such initiative. This study provides insights on how recipient community perceptions affect composting of municipal solid waste in the dumping areas of Arua district. A structured questionnaire survey was implemented in order to interview local residents in the dumping area. The results showed that imparting municipal solid waste composting knowledge to recipient communities enhances increased participation and hence the amount of waste composted. The general perception is that people are willing to compost if there are some prior benefits or incentives given to them; otherwise it is feasible to compost in recipient communities. Therefore any composting scheme introduced in the recipient communities of Arua must be accompanied by direct incentives from the government or NGOs to motivate the people and at the same time to mitigate some of the hindrances/constraints to composting.
- ItemThe effect of introduced tree species on the soils of Namwasa Central Forest Reserve, Mubende-Uganda(Kampala International University, School Engineering, 2011-09) Abdallah, MunubiHumans move tree species beyond their native ranges both deliberately and unknowingly. In areas around Namwasa central forest reserve, most of the trees have been cleared by charcoal burners and cultivators who are residents of the area. The study assessed the diversity and abundance of introduced tree species, assessed the effects of introduced tree species on some selected soil properties and evaluated how significant these trees are economically and ecologically. Floristic information on the tree species was obtained by transects made from five compartments of the forest reserve. Eight small sample plots of dimensions 30m by 15m were made on each transect line separated by a distance of lOOm using tape measures and marked with flagging tapes. Four introduced tree species namely Pinus caribaea, Pinus oocarpa, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus Urophylla and twenty two native tree species were identified. Random core soil samples (8cm diameter x 15cm height) were collected around the selected tree species in sample plots using a trowel and put in Ziploc bags and later transported to the Uganda government analytical laboratory for analysis. Soil samples were collected from both introduced tree species and the natural forest for comparison. Samples were analyzed for soil parameters such as texture, structure, pH, Mg, Pb, Cl, electrical conductivity, bulk density, No3, Ca, Mn, Cu, So4, P04, Fe, NH3, Na, K, Ni, Zn, and organic matter. Shannon Weiner index (H’) was -1.514, species richness (5) was 24 and species evenness (EH) was 0.477. ANOVA results indicated that introduced tree species significantly affect the selected soil properties. The coefficient results indicate that three introduced tree species have a significant effect on the selected soil properties. Correlation results indicated that ph is negatively correlated all other soil properties (r.<0). There is need to establish a monitoring and sensitization team to educate residents of Namwasa Central forest reserve to stop setting fires and charcoal burning in the forest reserve since they destroy plantations The planting of introduced tree species such as Eucalyptus which are tolerant to severe periodic moisture stress, low soil fertility is here by encouraged.
- ItemEffects of anthropogenic activities on tree species diversity in Gishwati forest reserve, Western, Rwanda(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2010-09) Ishimo, YvetteThe study in Gishwati forest Reserve aimed at determining the effect of anthropogenic activities on tree species diversity. Three areas within the forest were described as Disturbed Forest (DF), Natural forest (NF) and secondary forest (SF) in consideration of level of human disturbance. Data collection was done using plot sampling based on enumerating tree species (with a diameter at breast height ≥10 cm) within the forest, and observations to improve on validity and reliability of the measurement. Four transects, ranging from 2 to 3.8 km in length and cutting through the disturbed and undisturbed portions of the study were established. The distribution of species within the sample plots was determined using percentage frequency, relative density and species abundance. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) and Pielou’s evenness index (~ were used to characterize species diversity in the sampling area. To determine if there was significant difference in tree species diversity between the disturbed and undisturbed areas of the Forest reserve, one-way Analysis of Variance (one-way ANOVA) test using SPSS package, version 16.0 was used to find if the means are different between different areas of the forest. Analysis of data collected from the 60 sample plots in the study area, revealed that 753 individuals trees were in existence: 44 species, 43 genera and 27 families. There was a difference in number of tree species and individual trees. The results showed 31 species with 235 tree individuals in disturbed forest, 40 species with 291 tree individuals in natural forest and 30 species with 227 tree individuals in secondary forest. The results revealed also that the differences in tree canopy density and tree diversity and DBH distribution are highly significant in three area of the forest.
- ItemEfficiency of municipal solid waste management: the case study of Bor town Area, South Sudan(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2017-05) Akuei, John KurThe study sought to identify the existing methods of solid waste management and ascertain the effect of social and economic factors on efficiency of solid waste management. The study was carried out primarily through survey method and interview of Bor municipal council (BMC) and households in Bor Town. Inadequate dustbins supply was a major factor affecting waste disposal in Bor Town especially among the low class residential areas. The survey established that about 86.82 per cent of respondents have no access to dustbins for disposing their waste particularly those living in the low class residential area. This implies that respondents resorted to dumping waste in nearby drainage channels, by roadside, opened spaces and other unapproved ways of managing their domestic waste. Additionally, the dustbins ratio to population was very high (1: 276) compared to the maximum number of fifteen people to a dustbin (1:15). These include high populated areas lilce Arek, Achiengdier and Langbar. This goes to reaffirm the inadequacy of dustbins supply in the Bor vicinity. Indeed there was irregular or lack of routine collection of waste by Bor municipal council, especially in the low class residential areas in the Town. Waste collection was mostly carried out twice a week and in some areas like low class residential areas no collection took place. This resulted in people dumping their waste in opened spaces and in most cases burning was the alternative to final disposal at the landfill. Unlike the door-to-door collection which attracted a monthly charge of SSP 50 in the high class residential areas, the communal collection was carried out at no cost to the residents in all the low class residential areas. This is because respondents in these areas were not xvi requested to pay for waste collection though their monthly average monthly income (SSP 270) earned could support the payment. The landfill did not meet the requirement of a sanitary landfill and could therefore be correctly described as an open dump. The landfill had no gas recovery system and leachates collection system. The landfill too was sited near a settlement. Additionally, waste was not usually separated into their various components before final disposal. This led to burying of some valuable resources in the landfill which could have been otherwise re-used. More so, burning of waste occurred in the landfill. The waste management institution was unable to deliver efficient services as it was under resourced. Skips and dustbins for storing waste generated were woefully inadequate. In the whole of Bor Town there was no single skip that was supplied to the residents. However, about 450 skips were required by the municipality to be supplied to the low class residential areas. Also, about nine hundred and twenty six (926) dustbins extra were required to be supplied in the middle and high class residential areas in the Bor Town as against about one hundred and forty one (141) dustbins distributed. Equipment for waste transportation was also inadequate as there was only one truck but four (4) were required to ensure regular collection. Key words: Efficiency, Solid Waste Management, indicators, performance
- ItemEnvironmental and health impact of small-scale gold mining activities in Ibanda District Of Uganda(Kampala International University, 2021-10) Zakaria, Omar MoalimIn the recent times, Artisanal Small-Scale Gold mining activities have significant impact on environment and health of people in Ibanda District of Uganda. The study aimed at investigating the environmental and health impacts of small-scale mining activities on the surrounding communities of Ibanda District. The study was conducted from a total of 156 respondents using questionnaires. The study employed open cast and under surface techniques. The Small-Scale Gold mining is done by Simba Gold mining. The result revealed that perception and environment is significantly correlated with p-value p 0.0005. The result also depicts that environment and health is significantly correlated with p-value p 0.0005. The result showed that the prevalent diseases in the community are diarrhoea, skin disease and injuries. It is seen from the result that 75% of health workers admit that the health sector in this Municipality is not facilitated enough to handle health issues arising from mining activities. The result also showed that removal of the top soils, trees and vegetation with heavy machines leads to wearing away of the soil nutrients and makes the land unfit for farming. It is observed from the findings that the heaviest impact of mining activities has been land and vegetation degradation (66.4%) followed by water pollution (25.4%). air pollution and noise pollution are 5.5% and 2.8 respectively. It is concluded that mining artisanal small scale gold mining activities have negative effects on the environment such as pollution, cutting of the vegetation without replacement. Hence, increased gold mining activities will further destroy the vegetation in Kicuzi Sub-county.
- ItemEnvironmental impacts of sea weed farming at Paje Village on the East Coast of Zanzibar Island.(2012-01) Majid M., SuleimanSeaweed has many uses which including source of food, in agriculture is used as organic fertilizer and also has been used in medicinal products. However, seaweed farming has side effects on environment and most coastal communities who involved in this farming do not well known. The general objective of this study was to assess environmental impacts of seaweed farming. The specific objectives of the study were including; to identify types of seaweed and activities related to seaweed farming and to find out environmental impacts of the activities involving in seaweed farming. The study investigation was guided by questions that aimed to establish what activities carried out prior to establishing a seaweed farm and to what extent the activities lead to environmental degradation. The methods of data collection were both quantitative and qualitative approach. The instruments used including questionnaires, interviews and discussions. The major findings of the study revealed that seaweed farming has impacts on both marine and terrestrial environment. The study concluded that seaweed farming impacts most affecting marine ecology. The study recommended number of strategies focusing in controlling and minimizing the environmental impacts of seaweed farming activities these including monitoring seaweed farming projects and providing environmental education to seaweed farmers.
- ItemFirewood scarcity challenges faced by rural women in Rwanda(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2011-07) Habineza, AlphonseThe pattern and profile & energy use prevailing today raises important questions about linkages between energy and the economy, social issues, security and above all, environmental protection. Rwanda has a number of potential energy resources from blomass, hydro, solar, petroleum, methane gas, wind and geothermal. However, the major Issue in this regard Is the technological exploitation and scientific data on this potential. The widespread and inefficient use of traditional blomass with low technologies and methods like the three stones stove for wood, coupled with inefficient kllns for charcoal, contributes to the overexploitatlon of forest stocks, environmental degradation, and health problems. The study was mainly a field survey carried out in Ruklra sector of Ngoma District, Eastern Province in Rwanda. The objectives of the study were: to assess the challenges faced by Rwandan rural women in gathering fuel wood as a source of energy, to identify the different energy sources used for lighting and cooking, to establish the scientific firewood scarcity in the study area and to find out the environmental consequences of using firewood. A number of research instruments were used in the study: Questionnaires, Interviews, observations and review of related literature. The sampling technique used was systematic purposive sampling to ensure that all the targeted population was fully and objectively involved in the study. The major findings of the study are that the sources of energy used for cooking and lighting in rural areas are dry wood, charcoal, crop residues, paraffin, candle and biogas. The causes of firewood decrease are population growth, insufficient forests, lack of land for tree plantation and poverty, among others. lime consuming, heavy woridoads, lack of access to education or to income generating activities and exposure to Indoor air pollution are among the challenges faced by rural women. The main environmental impacts associated with firewood use and collection are forest destruction, soil erosion and indoor air pollution. Finally, the study reveals that sustaining our environment is crucial for both present and future generations and thus all attempts aiming at soMng energy problems in rural areas must involve women for their success.
- ItemFirewood scarcity challenges faced by rural women in Rwanda(2011-07) Habineza, AlphonseThe pattern and profile of energy use prevailing today raises important questions about linkages between energy and the economy, social issues, security and above all, environmental protection. Rwanda has a number of potential energy resources from biomass, hydro, solar, petroleum, methane gas, wind and geothermal. However, the major issue in this regard is the technological exploitation and scientific data on this potential. The widespread and inefficient use of traditional biomass with low technologies and methods like the three stones stove for wood, coupled with inefficient kilns for charcoal, contributes to the overexploitation of forest stocks, environmental degradation, and health problems. The study was mainly a field survey carried out in Rukira sector of Ngoma District, Eastern Province in Rwanda. The objectives of the study were: to assess the challenges faced by Rwandan rural women in gathering fuel wood as a source of energy, to identify the different energy sources used for lighting and cooking, to establish the scientific firewood scarcity in the study area and to find out the environmental consequences of using firewood. A number of research instruments were used in the study: Questionnaires, interviews, observations and review of related literature. The sampling technique used was systematic purposive sampling to ensure that all the targeted population was fully and objectively involved in the study. The major findings of the study are that the sources of energy used for cooking and lighting in rural areas are dry wood, charcoal, crop residues, paraffin, candle and biogas. The causes of firewood decrease are population growth, insufficient forests, lack of land for tree plantation and poverty, among others. Time consuming, heavy workloads, lack of access to education or to income generating activities and exposure to indoor air pollution are among the challenges faced by rural women. The main environmental impacts associated with firewood use and collection are forest destruction, soil erosion and indoor air pollution. Finally, the study reveals that sustaining our environment is crucial for both present and future generations and thus all attempts aiming at solving energy problems in rural areas must involve women for their success.