Masters of Public Health

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Antiretroviral therapy adherence among patients Attending Hargeisa group hospital Hiv clinic, Hargeisa, Somaliland
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2013-11) Adam, Dr. Haibeh Farah
BACKGROUND: ART adherence varies in different regions of the world. Garcia et al (2006) had examined the relationship between self-reported adherence and viral load suppression. The study showed that 76% of those reported adherence had a viral suppression versus only 25% of subjects reported non-adherence (Rosa, 2006). No previous similar studies were done in Somaliland. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed antiretroviral therapy adherence among patients attending Hargeisa Group Hospital (HGH) in Hargeisa, Somaliland. METHODS: A facility-based cross-sectional study design was employed. A sample of 271 of patients on ART at the HIV Clinic was interviewed and their CD4 documents reviewed. Key informant interviews were held for 4 people from the clinic staff and management. A chi square test was used to ascertain the relationship of independent variables with the dependent variable. RESULTS: The study has shown that 80.8% of respondents adhered to ART at 95% or more of the time. The study also has found that coming on foot to the clinic, living far from the clinic and being newly diagnosed with HN were factors that led to ART non-adherence behavior. The study also assessed other factors that were found to be not related to ART adherence in this clinic. These factors include age, gender, education, marital status, patient's knowledge of HIV and ARTs, family size and previous hospitalizations among other factors. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The study found that the respondents who come on foot to the clinic, those lived far from the clinic and those diagnosed with HIV less than 3 years ago were less likely to adhere to ART. The researcher is recommending, making the services closer to the community by opening more clinics or by outreach programs.
Assessment of factors influencing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers with less than 2 years Children in Hodan district, Mogadishu, Somalia
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2013-11) Ahmed, Mulki Dirie
Background: Exclusive breast feeding is defined by World Health Organization (WHO) as giving breast milk alone for the first 6 months of life. World Health Organization recommends Mothers to breastfeed babies exclusively in the first six months. Breastfeeding and good nutrition for children are essential for achieving the Millennium Development Goals, particularly the goals relating to child survival. Breastfeeding is known to be the best way to feed infants by providing the psychological and health benefit to both the mother and the child. It is therefore considered physiologically, biochemically, immunologically and psychologically suited for this. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess factors influencing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers with less than 2years children in Hodan district, Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods Community based cross sectional study was carried out among mothers with less than 2years children in Hodan district, Mogadishu, Somalia, selected using cluster and simple random sampling technique. Data was collected by interviewer oral structured questionnaire and it was entered and analyzed by using SPSS for windows version 16.0. The proportion was used to describe the results and it was presented in the form of figures and tables. Findings: A total of 424 mothers with less than 2 years children were interviewed. The ever exclusive breastfeeding rate in this study was 23.3%. And 65.6% breast feed less than 6 months without adding other foods, and .I% feed for over 6 months. The timely initiation rate of breastfeeding within one hour found in this study was 49.3% respectively. Conclusion and Recommendation: Basing on the results of the study the socio-demographie factors studied in this study were not significantly affecting to the practice of exclusive breastfeeding except marital status and occupation of the mother. A range of characteristics affects the practice of timely initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding. Coordination, strengthening and sustaining of the existing strategies and approaches for further improvement of optimal breastfeeding practice is recommended
Assessment of problems associated with increased alcohol intake among youth in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2014) Akinbo, Elizabeth Abiodun
The objectives of this study were to determine prevalence and magnitude of health problems associated with alcohol intake among youth in Bushenyi district, Uganda and outline the relationship between alcohol intake and alcohol related problems among the study group. The methods; used was descriptive cross-sectional study design; a sample of 384 youth were selected from Bushenyi district to participate in the study. Multi-stage systematic random sampling technique was done and a quantitative questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. Results; the study established that alcohol problems were highly prevalent among the youth assessed.
Combating the Spread of COVID-19, the Challenges Faced and Way forward for the International Community: A Review
(Open Access Library Journal, 2020) Theophilus Pius; Saphurah Nabaasa; Nicholas Kusiima; Nicholas Kusiima; Ssebuufu Robinson
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-COV2 has been a great disaster globally; affecting human lives, world economy, social activities, and above all lack of trust among countries of the world. The dreaded disease has about more than 3,713,796 confirmed cases, 263,288 deaths, and 1,341,059 recovered persons in May 2020. The main purpose of this article is to review measures put in place to combat COVID-19, challenges faced, and way forward for the international community. The study reviewed relevant articles on COVID-19 and measures put in place for combating the spread of COVID-19. The inconsistency in the prevention and control of COVID-19 and unwillingness by the people especially, in developing countries such as Africa has hampered the effective implementation of universal control measures to combat the disease. Also, the lack of a universal approved treatment and lack of trust amongst regions of the world to combat the disease have left many countries to struggle for themselves. The earlier report that the COVID-19 is not airborne and the recent report that is airborne has done more harm than good in terms of preventive measures. Another challenge observed is the lack of a complete understanding of the coronavirus by the scientific community. The association of the COVID-19 with 5G network was another distraction and confusion to the international community in combating the disease as people who were supposed to observe control and preventive measures, found themselves protesting and vandalizing the 5G tower thereby exposing themselves at risk of been infected with coronavirus. There is a need for a consensus on preventive measures and treatment through evidence- based research that will be effective in combating COVID-19 globally. During this global crisis with COVID-19, the international community must decentralize the testing centers to reach out to the rural areas instead of waiting for case reports from such areas. Social network owners should find a way of filtering and controlling information shared during outbreaks and Pandemics in the future.
Effect of municipal effluent on the water quality of Masaka Town ownership, Central Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2017-02) Dikko, Muhammad Aliyu
It determines the water quality of Masaka channelized stream based on the physicochemical parameters.
Effects of Mental Health Clinic Services in Khartoum Sudan
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2022-04) Fadul, Ishag Issa Tagil
ABSTRACT The study factors affecting mental health clinic services in Sudan: Methodology: A health facility based descriptive cross sectional study design was used for this research. A total of 208 mental patients in remission phase were enrolled from four purposively selected health facilities in Sudan. Additionally eight key informants were interviewed. Data was generated using a questionnaire about social demographic factors, socioeconomic and health facility factors that influenced mental health clinic attendance, and key informant interviews provided in depth information on factors influencing regular clinic attendance. Results: Results indicated that majority 41.8% of the respondents were aged between 25-34 years, and more than half (53.4%) were females. Factors affecting regular clinic attendance included, having a care taker, (P-value 0.05) having someone in charge of treatment costs (p-value 0.002) and having a relative with mental disorder (p-value 0.01) and incurring no cost on transport,(p-value 0.03) Health facility factors affecting clinic attendance included distance to facility, drug availability, health facility accessibility and awareness of service, (p-value 0.005). Conclusion: The study recommends need to develop and promote interventions to economically empower families and people affected by mental illness so that they can sustain themselves an visit mental health clinic regularly to ensure continued stability. Additionally medications should be regularly stocked at the health centers to enable patients be able to access them whenever they visit the clinics for review.
Epidemiology of unsafe abortion related maternal health complications and disabilities in Western Uganda
(Kampala International University; School of Health Sciences, 2013-12) Nabaliisa, Sarah
Unsafe abortion is a public health, sexual and reproductive health problem affecting so many women globally yet it is neglected. It has led to the death of many women, leaving others with both long term and short te1m complications and disabilities. The aim of the study was to determine the epidemiology and cost of management of unsafe abortion related maternal health complications and disabilities western Uganda. The study was longitudinal and employed quantitative methods. Four hundred and four patients with abo1tion complications aged 15-49 years attending gynecology clinics and wards in the selected referral hospitals were enrolled. Purposive sampling was used to select the hospitals. Data was collected using case record forms. Analysis of data was done using epidata 3.0 data base and SPSS version 16.0. Out of the 404 patients, 20.3% (1 in 5 cases that reported in the hospitals) had induced abortion related complications resulting from induced (intended) unsafe abortion. Young (15-24 years) women had a higher tendency of inducing abortion (65.9%). Age, marital status, socio-economic status and level of education were identified as associated factors for induced unsafe abortion. The fatality rate from induced abortion was 1 death in 82 cases and 3 women out of 82 who induce abortion survived death but with permanent disability of hysterectomy. The mean cost (sundries and drugs) for managing a patient with induced abortion related complications was 1.6 times higher than that for spontaneous abortion. 82.9% of the patients who had induced abortions were not using family planning when they got pregnant and 17.1% had family planning failure. From The findings, it is strongly recommend that Public health practitioners and policy makers need to take on the role of legal or political advocates to establish policy for safe induced abortion.
Factors affecting family planning utilization among females aged 15-49 years in Hodan District, Mogadishu
(Kampala International University, 2013) Abdulrahma, Fatima Mohamed
Reproductive health of females is a matter of public health concern and Family planning occupies a central position in health and development of developing countries with low resources and high prevalence of maternal mortality, Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) and unwanted pregnancies. Effective use of contraception can prevent unwanted pregnancy, maternal mortality and STIs among females. Unmet need for contraception in developing world and rates of unintended pregnancy among young women is high. Aim of the Study: To assess the factors affecting family planning utilization among females aged 15-49 years in Hodan district, Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A quantitative descriptive survey was conducted among 424 females who permanently live in Hodan district in the capital city Mogadishu, Somalia. Questionnaire was used to collect data with the help of two trained research assistants.
Factors affecting immunization coverage of children under five years in Elashabiyaha district, Lower Shabelle region, Somalia
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2013-12) Hassan, Liban Jama
Background: Elashabiyaha is one of the largest districts in Lower Shabelle region Somalia who has accommodated one of the most populous Somali IDPs camps. Only 30% of children are immunized against the six major childhood diseases. These are far below the targeted average percentage of 80%. This study was conducted to explore current immunization coverage of the children under five years in Elashabiyaha and to assess factors affecting immunization coverage of the children under five years in Elashabiyaha district. Objectives: The study aimed to assess factors affecting immunization coverage of children under five years in Elashabiyaha district lower Shabelle region Somalia. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to detem1ine the factors affecting immunization coverage in Elashabiyaha district. Researcher administered questionnaire was used to interview 330 of household heads in Elashabiyaha district. Univariate analysis was done to find out the percentage of the cunent immunization coverage. Bivariate analysis was done to assess the factors affecting immunization coverage .Logistic regression was then used to adjust for the effect of the confounding factors and to make multivaraiate analysis on different significant factors. Results: Immunization coverage is 43.8% and there was 2 times more likely for household heads who believe in traditional healers as an altemative not to immunize their children [95% CI 1.315-3.370: p=0.002] than those who reported not believing in traditional healers. And also it was 2 times more likely for household heads who were lacking outreach immunization services not to immunize their children [95% CI 1.082-2.764: p=0.022] than those reported accessing outreach immunization services. Conclusion~ Low immunization coverage at only 43.8% was found. Lack of outreach immunization services, cultural beliefs such as believing that traditional healers are better than immunization services and believing that westems spread diseased through immunization were assessed as factors that were associated with low immunization coverage in the study area. Recommendations: Better understanding of local perceptions and behavior related to immunization, building health education programs upon traditional beliefs and practices and expansion of outreach sites were recommended. The government, local, international NGOs and health professionals need to introduce immunization services to the community, make immunization services affordable, available, accessible and all the wrong beliefs and misconceptions need to be eradicated.
Factors affecting mental health clinic attendance in Sheema district, south western Uganda
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2017-11) Thomas, Tutamwebwa Kabagambe
No abstract
Factors affecting the utilization of delivery services in Hospitals by pregnant women in Bushenyi District
(Kampala International University, 2012) Aiyegbusi, Victoria Olufunke
Maternal mortality still remains high in Sub-Saharan Africa and a challenge to public health despite the progress made in recent decades to improve maternal health outcomes. Many factors 14 were identified such as difficulty in accessibility to health facilities, long distance, low women education, low women income, cost on transport, attitude of the health workers at the health facility, poor service provision all directly influence low utilization of hospital delivery services by the pregnant women.
Factors and challenges affecting functionality of village Health teams in Lyantonde district
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2017-11) Enock, Katsigazi
Background: A VHT is a voluntary, non-political, health executing agency in-charge of the health of public at household levels, comparable to facility level one. A VHT comprises of 4 - 5 people selected on a popular vote in a village. Despite efforts to establish them, they have not functioned to the expectations. Objective: To assess the factors and challenges affecting functionality of VHTs in Lyantonde so as to recommend appropriate strategies aimed at effectively exploiting their potential. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted. The study popu lation was 2 17 VHTs in Lyantonde district. Systematic random sampling was used basing on the list obtained from the sub-county as the sampling frame and taking a sampling interval of 1-3 and a semi structured questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument under the quantitative method. Results: Demographic factors affecting functiona lity of VHTs included marital status, the singles at 100% (p.= O.OOl), religion, and tribe whereas the Bahima were more likely to portray a good VHT functionality as compared to their Banyankole counterparts [aPR=2.22,P.value=0.023].It was also observed that majority of the females had not completed tertiary education and female gender was negatively associated with VHT functionality (female gender was a cofounder of education-VHT functional ity relationship). Compared to married VHTs, single respondents were found to be 1.41 times more likely to be with good functionality, [aPR=l.41, 95% CI 1.23- 1.62]. Born again VHTs were negatively affecting functionality by 78% a PR=0.22, 95% 0.07-0.67] as compared to Anglican VHTs. Conversely SDA VHTs were positively associated with VHT functionality; [a PR= 1.34[1.06- 1.69]. Socio-economic factors affecting functionality of VHTs included occupation dominated by the formally employed at 100% (p. value
Factors contributing to puerpersal sepsis at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Ishaka Bushenyi Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2015) Barasa, Ambrose M.
The study aimed at identifying factors contributing to puerperal sepsis in post natal mothers in the maternity ward at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital(KIUTH).
Factors influencing men’s involvement in prevention of mother to child transmission services in Bushenyi District, Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2012) Fahma, Hassan Moallim
This study was aimed to assess factors influencing men’s involvement in prevention of mother to child transmission services in Bushenyi district, Uganda. Background: Mother To Child Transmission (MTCT) is the most significant source of HIV infection in children below the age of 15 years. Since the beginning of the pandemic, an estimated 5.1 million children worldwide have been infected, almost through MTCT. Methodology: a cross sectional design was adopted; a quantitative data was collected from respondents using researcher- administered questionnaire. Data was entered to the computer using EPI DATA SPSS, version 16.0 and all variables were analyzed using SPSS analysis, cross tabs and chi square. Data was presented in percentage, frequency, charts, and tables.
Factors influencing the immunisation coverage among children between 12 G -23 months of age in Hargeisa state house settlement area Hargeisa,Somali land e
(Kampala International University, 2012) Yusuf AW Ali, Mohamed
Many children below five years of age die due to vaccine preventable diseases each year. Immunization services are free of charge in Somaliland. Static vaccinations are provided in the hospitals and the MCH in all the districts. However, Somaliland has immunization coverage of 37% which means that the immunization coverage is still low throughout its regions and the factors that influence the immunization coverage is not yet well known, which is what this research is going to focus. Objectives: This study aimed assessing the factors influencing childhood immunization coverage in children between 12-23 months in state-house settlement, Hargeisa.
Factors of Child Transience and Morbidity in South Sudan.
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2023-02) Mohamed, Ahmed Dawaeibait Mohamed
The main objective of this study was to examine factors associated with childhood mortality and morbidity in South Sudan. The specific objectives were to establish childhood mortality, examine the effect of childhood factors on morbidity as well as examining the contribution of mother factors on childhood mortality and morbidity. The study used both descriptive and inferential analysis using secondary data from Second South Sudan household health survey (SSHHS2). Using univariate, bivariate, logistic regression and nested logistic models, the study estimated the odds of dying and survivorship probabilities for under-five mortality. The results provided estimates of childhood mortality by bio-demographic, socio economic characteristics, residence and state level. The results showed unexpected pattern for infant and under five mortality rates across residence, mother education and wealth quintiles. Therefore, these childhood indicators are higher in urban areas (118), primary education (118) and richest household (117). The proportion of children who received all vaccinations is very low (54.1%) compared with those who didn’t receive any vaccinations. Children residing in urban areas (61.8) are more likely to be fully immunized compared to children in rural areas (38.2%). This is due to availability of health facilities in urban areas. The education of the mother has got a very poor relationship with the overall level of child mortality (Chi = 0.647, P-value <0.05). Based on the results, it can be concluded that birth interval affects survival when there is an interval of less than two years between pregnancies, demonstrating the importance of spacing on child survival. These factors were important in affecting child mortality. These factors may require to be taken into account in efforts that seek to address child mortality in South Sudan. Th~ Childhood contributors to mortality and morbidity risk is diarrhea, because of large number of males and females that took part in the survey had diarrhea at least in the previous weeks prior to the study. Breast feeding, malaria infections were also great contributors to morbidity since they presented infection figures that were high in the study. In order to avoid prevalence of malaria, diarrhea and pneumonia in infants and under five years of age, the government of South Sudan in conjunction with NGOs should implement effective educational programs that aim at promoting and prolonging breastfeeding that may have a considerable effect on child survival.
Hygiene practices among students in secondary schools in Bushenyi District Western Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2015) Hashi, Mohamoud Ahmed
The main focus of this study is to assess the hygiene practices among students in secondary schools in Bushenyi district. The study will be restricted to the different hygiene practices among students in secondary schools in Bushenyi district, establishing the hygiene practice and adequacy and status sanitary facilities in secondary school.
Latrine coverage and self reported diarrhoea cases in Northern ‘a’district of Zanzibar, Tanzania
(Kampala International University, 2013) Kheir, Makame Kheir
Despite the surge in national and local recognition of the close link between the environment and human health and the plans defined to improve latrine coverage in Tanzania, the burden of disease is increasing and environmental health and sanitation situation are becoming very appalling. The main objective of this research was to evaluate latrine coverage and self reported diarrhoea cases in Northern ‘A’ District of Zanzibar/Tanzania. The study design was a descriptive cross sectional type and purposive and simple random sampling procedure was used. This project used a structured questionnaire as the tool for data collection. The data was collected from sample size of 303 respondents selected based on simple random sampling.
Malnutrition and Its Associated Factors among Adults Attending Anti-Retroviral Therapy at Three Selected Hospitals In Bushenyj District, Uganda
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences, 2018-11) Odwee, Ambrose
Background: Malnutrition is a life-threatening condition among HIV positive adults and little is known about its patterns and associated factors in Southwestern Uganda. The aim of the study was to assess malnutrition and associated factors among HIV-positive adults in Bushenyi district, Uganda Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted at three selected hospitals handling HIV patients in Bushenyi district. A total of 253 participants were enrolled in the study and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data while a review of patient records was conducted on CD4 count. Malnutrition was diagnosed by using the body mass index (BMI) and multiple logistic regression was conducted using SPSS Version 20 and significance was reported at 95% confidence interval in the presence of under and over nutrition to identify risk ~actors. Results and Discussion: The mean age of the study participants was 33.4 years (range: 23.6- 57.6 years: median: 30 years), 48.6% of the participants had their age in the range of18— 54 yrs. The study established an overall malnutrition prevalence of 34.8%, and this mainly due to over malnutrition. Socio-economic factors associated with under nutrition were being illiterate, alcoholic and unemployed while over nutrition was associated with the educated, employed in females. In addition, under nutrition was associated with having opportunistic infections, due to one liability to pay for medications, low adherence to HAART and in stage 1 of HIV/AIDS while very nutrition was associated with employed patients, and those who would afford to pay for the reeducation. Nutritional factors associated with under nutrition were eating fewer meals and carbohydrates while over nutrition were associated with eating three meals a day and mainly protein. ~conclusions Malnutrition is a threat in adult HIV patients in rural communities of Uganda. Under nutrition was associated with low socio-economic status which leads to poor nutritional and health options, while over nutrition was associated with a higher socio-economic status lowing a need to improve on HIV community extension activities to improve on patient outcomes in this community
The need for curriculum-based sex education on the sexuality of secondary school students in Bushenyi –Ishaka municipality Bushenyi District
(Kampala International University, 2015) Ekanem, Regina
This study examined the need for curriculum-based sex education on the sexuality of secondary school students in Bushenyi-Ishaka municipality, Bushenyi District in Western Uganda. The study objectives were to determine the level of knowledge of sex education among secondary school students in Bushenyi-Ishaka municipality, to establish the prevalence of sexually related problems among the chosen secondary schools and to find out the views of stake holders on the need for curriculum-based sex education as a means of alleviating the burden of sexuality-related problems in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality and in Uganda as a whole.

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