Bachelor of Clinical Medicine and Community Health(BCM)

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A review of factor associated with alcohol abuse among youths.
(2023) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Getrude Uzoma Obeagu
Alcohol is an intoxicating ingredient found in beer, wine and liquor. Alcohol is produced by fermentation of yeast, sugar and starches. Alcohol abuse is a maladaptive pattern of use of a psychoactive substance, indicated by continued use despite of knowledge of having persistent or recurrent social, occupational, physiological or physical problems that are caused or exacerbated by the use. The major factors that contribute to alcohol abuse among youth are environmental factors which include availability, presence of local breweries and persuasive advertisements followed by socio-economic factors like unemployment, peer pressure, social norms, stress, boredom, family neglect among others. The effects of alcohol abuse are poverty, gastric ulcers, death
A Review of Incidence and Clinical Outcomes of Neonate with False Tooth Extraction
(Journal of Scientific Research, 2023) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Neema Bizimana Gloria; Getrude Uzoma Obeagu; Getrude Uzoma Obeagu; P.C. Okechukwu Ugwu
False tooth extraction is a cultural practice which have been reported in countries in Sub-Saharan as a management of fever, difficult in breastfeeding and diarrhoea in infants, and this has been thought to increase infant mortality. When false tooth is diagnosed it is advices before performing tooth extraction in neonate to wait for the commensal flora of the intestine to become established and to produce vitamin K, which is essential for the production of prothrombin in the liver. Thus, it is safer to wait until a child is 10 days old before extracting the tooth.
A Review on Cervical Cancer Vaccination
(Eurasian Experiment Journal of Public Health, 2023) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Yakubu Sunday Bot; Getrude Uzoma Obeagu; Adekemi Linda Adejare
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. Approximately 90% of deaths from cervical cancer occur in low- and middle-income countries, but mortality varies 18-fold worldwide. The introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines in many countries has significantly reduced HPV specific infection rates. Several studies have investigated the HPV vaccine intake [5-6] and found that the intake was low Lack of knowledge and passive attitudes have been reported to be one of the reasons for this low intake. Women's knowledge of HPV infection and vaccination was found to be low. HPV vaccination coverage is low, which is related to urban living and HPV awareness.
A review on socio economic and behavioral aspects of malaria and its control among children under 5 years of age in Africa.
(2023) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Amaechi Chukwudi Ofodile; Chetachi Blessing Okwuanaso
Over 40 % of the world’s population is in malaria infested areas. Malaria not only causes ill health and death but also hampers development due to the fact that lots of resources are spent combating the disease. Severe malaria impairs children’s learning and cognitive ability by as much as 60%, consequently affecting the performance primary and secondary education programs. Human behavior much of which is influenced by social, cultural, economic, and political factors is clearly related to health, including the risk for infectious diseases like malaria. Whether it is intentional or not, human behavior affects health-promoting and disease-preventing activities, in some instances increasing risk and in others reducing it. Beyond human behavior as such, prevalent socio-economic factors including political and economic parameters also contribute to shaping how humans act, and therefore must be seen, in and of themselves, as epidemiological predictors of health and disease patterns.
A Systematic Review on Acute Kidney Injury Among Children With Severe Malaria
(International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research, 2022) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Uchenna Echefu; Uche George
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in children with severe malaria is common and associated with adverse hospital outcome. It has become increasingly prevalent in both developed and developing countries and it is associated with severe morbidity and mortality especially in children. The recognized factors associated with acute kidney injury among children with severe malaria are sociodemographic factors (age, sex, age of parents and level of education of parents); clinical factors and laboratory factors such hyperparasitaemia, hypoglycaemia, low level of haemoglobin and thrombocytopenia. This review showed that there is a high prevalence of acute kidney injury among children with severe malaria. Acute kidney injury among children with severe malaria is associated with low level of education of caretakers, young age of children, history of receiving NSAIDs and anaemia. The mortality rate of children with AKI is high.
A Systematic Review on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
(International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research, 2022) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) comprises a group of lymphoid neoplasms that are morphologically and immunophenotypically similar to B and T lineage progenitors. The pathogenesis of ALL involves the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of clonal populations of lymphoid cells. Studies in pediatric populations have identified genetic syndromes that predispose to a small number of ALL cases, including Down's syndrome, Fanconi's anemia, Bloom's syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia, and Nijmegen's breakdown syndrome. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been hailed as a major success story in pediatric oncology with the advent of dose-escalating chemotherapy and allogeneic SCT. However, the high risk of this disease and the significant toxicities associated with chemotherapy in adults make the results less promising. Because some studies have shown benefits of pediatric-inspired therapies, much uncertainty remains about how adults with ALL can best be managed
A Systematic Review on Hypertension and its Management
(International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research, 2022) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Byamungu Pahari Kagenderezo; Getrude Uzoma Obeagu
Hypertension is a public health problem which has cut across all spheres of life and walks of life. From the literature review, the researcher has found that most hypertensive patients are less engaged in healthy behaviours because of knowledge deficit. The literature reviews also indicated that gender, age, level of education, lifestyle, and compliance to treatment regimen had significant association with healthy behaviours in patients with hypertension.
A systematic review on Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aurous in patients with surgical wounds
(International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research, 2022) Chidimma Maureen Chukwueze; Ogochukwu Vivian Okpala; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu
MRSA is defined by the presence of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec); which is a large mobile genetic element that carries the mecA gene which codes for an alternative form of penicillin binding protein (PBP2a). Staphylococcus aureus developed resistance to this type of β-lactam antibiotics by acquiring the mecA gene which is carried on the SCC mec element described earlier. Strains which carry this mecA gene are known as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), even though they are actually resistant to all β lactam based antibiotics. Historically, Staphylococcus aureus has been known to develop antimicrobial resistance to most antimicrobials rapidly. The bacteria developed resistance to penicillin only a year after the introduction of penicillin into clinical use. It is now estimated that 90%–95% of Staphylococcus aureus strains worldwide are resistant to penicillin. The resistance exhibited by MRSA to most antibiotics imply that treatment for suspected or verified severe Staphylococcus aureus infections, including common skin and wound infections, must rely on second line drugs.
An Insight on Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Pediatric Perspective
(International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research, 2022) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Keerthana Gnanavel
Acute leukemia is the most common childhood malignancy, accounting for nearly 35% of all childhood cancers. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for 15-20% of childhood acute leukemias. The majority of AML cases are de novo, but a minority may present as secondary malignancies. AML is a highly heterogeneous disease, the diagnosis of which involves morphology, immune phenotyping, cytochemistry, and diagnostic analyzes involving leukemic blasts derived from peripheral blood or bone marrow exhibiting cytogenic and molecular characteristics. Includes combinations. By identifying recurrent genetic mutations, it is now possible to improve individual prognosis and guide treatment management. Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease that requires a multifaceted therapeutic approach. Although the outcomes of low-risk AML have improved significantly over the past decades, high-risk AML continues to be associated with poor prognosis. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics, risk stratification, and supportive care have helped improve outcomes in childhood AML
An Update of Aneamia in Adults with Heart Failure
(International Network Organization for Scientific Research, 2023) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Maria Mudei Ali; Esther U. Alum; Getrude Uzoma Obeagu; P.C. Okechukwu Ugwu; Umi Omar Bunu
Anaemia in adults with heart failure occurs when there is a deficiency of erythrocytes or haemoglobin in the blood, which further lowers the already limited oxygen supply to the body's tissues in heart failure. Anaemia is typically caused by poor nutrition, chronic kidney disease, inflammation, and certain medications used to treat heart failure. Symptoms of anaemia in adults with heart failure can include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath, increased heart rate, and chest pain. Treatment involves addressing underlying causes, improving nutrition, and in some cases, iron supplementation to increase red blood cell production. Close monitoring and coordination with healthcare providers is important to manage both heart failure and anaemia in adults, erythropoietin-stimulating agents has been considered alone or in combination with iron. Available and emerging new agents in the treatment of anaemia of heart failure will need to be tested in randomized, controlled studies.
An update on cytokine storm in covid-19 infection: Pivotal to the survival of the patients
(International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 2023) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Swalehe Hamisi; Umi Omar Bunu
The immune system protects the host organism from exogenous and endogenous pathogens. A finely tuned and balanced array of cytokines, coagulation factors, and complement together with immune competent cells protect the body from a wide variety of known and unknown invaders. Usually, pro- and anti-inflammation are tightly regulated to adequately counter the infectious event. A pro-inflammatory milieu typically dominates the initial phase; however, anti-inflammation is initiated early to reach a new equilibrium and to start tissue repair processes. Various pathogens and malignant and autoimmune diseases as well as genetic changes, but also iatrogenic interventions, can disturb this equilibrium so that an excessive release of cytokines can occur. In its severe (albeit rare) form, this is referred to as cytokine storm. As a result, positive feedback mechanisms and self-sustained activation of immune cells occur. The resulting hyper inflammation can lead to a life-threatening condition
An Update on Interferon Gamma and C Reactive Proteins in Sickle Cell Anaemia Crisis
(Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 2022) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Byamungu Pahari Kagenderezo; Onyekachi Splendid Uwakwe; Sarah Nakyeyune; Getrude Uzoma Obeagu
Sickle cell disease has been described by many scholars as a chronic inflammatory disease which is linked to many factors such as endothelial destruction, increased synthesis of reactive oxygen specie, haemolysis, increased synthesis of pro inflammatory cytokines among others. Inflammatory process play a major function in the activation of acute painful vaso-occlusion crisis that forms the main reason for the hospitalization of patients with sickle cell anaemia. Inflammatory processes, are key components of several complications of the disease including autosplenectomy, acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, leg ulcer, nephropathy and stroke and also ultimately initiates painful vaso-occlusion episodes that characterize Sickle Cell Disease. This study titled “Update on Interferon Gamma and C Reactive Proteins in Sickle Cell Anaemia in Crises, aims at finding out the recent updates on interferon gamma; a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in inflammation and auto-immunity, and CRP; an acute phase protein used as a marker of inflammation in sickle cell anaemia patients in crisis. A lot of search engines were consulted in the course of writing this review such as scopus, Pubmed Central, Web of Science, Semantics, Google Scholar, Researchgate, Academia Edu, etc. Previous studies have suggested that levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines vary between steady-state and crisis states in SCA patients, hypothesized to help monitor clinical progression of the disease. . Newer therapies that target pathways downstream of the sickle are considered better options. This knowledge may have implications for the development of new treatments for sickle cell disease.
An update on Iron deficiency anaemia among children with congenital heart disease
(International Journal of Current Research in Chemistry And Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Abdalla Hassan Mohamod
The factors including low iron intake haemolysis, malaria, sickle cell malaria and low education level with the risk factors most likely to cause diet being malaria and sickle cell Red cell distribution width performs well as a screening diagnostic test for identifying iron deficiency anaemia among children with congenital heart disease health works should encourage caregiver to children with CHD to increase on the amount of fruits given to the children. Ministry of health should consider providing iron supplements to children suffering from congenital heart disease. Care givers to children with CHD should be advised to make their children to eat foods rich in iron so as to increase the levels of iron in the body of such children.
An update on Monkey pox in Africa
(International Journal of Current Research in Medical Sciences, 2023) Abdulwasiu Oladele Hassan; Toluwalope Esther Omojola; Abolaji Tolulope Adeyemo; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu
Monkey pox is a re-emerging viral zoonosis that occurs naturally in heavily forested regions of West and Central Africa. Monkey pox was first identified as a distinct illness in 1958 among laboratory monkeys in Copenhagen, Denmark. Inter-human transmission of monkey pox virus, although limited, drives outbreaks, particularly in household and health-care settings. But the available evidence suggests that without repeated zoonotic introductions, human infections would eventually cease to occur. Therefore, interrupting virus transmission from animals to humans is key to combating this disease. The first documented cases in humans was in 1970, in six unvaccinated children during the smallpox eradication efforts. It has largely been believed its epidemiology was masked by smallpox transmission and the eradication of smallpox in 1977 brought the disease to prominence. Monkey pox is manifested by fever, headache, muscle pains, shivering, blistering rashes, swollen lymph node etc. The period of exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from 5-21 days and duration of symptoms is typically 2-4 weeks and symptoms ranges from mild to severe and can occur without any symptoms. One of the setbacks observed in Africa is limitation in data collection with reference to monkey and underfunding of Monkey pox Research. There is gap in knowledge and the preventive measures utilized aren’t emphasized and the citizens are not well oriented about the disease. This seminar gives an insight into the History and various studies conducted by outstanding researchers. It explains terminologies, and review concisely previous study relevant to monkey pox in Africa and Nigeria. It also delineates the various Diagnostic methods, Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical features, Pathogenesis and Pathology, Treatment, and Preventive measures utilized so far.
An update on premalignant cervical lesions and cervical cancer screening services among HIV positive women.
(2022) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Getrude Uzoma Obeagu
Cervical cancer screening is the major public health strategy for secondary prevention of cervical cancer especially in the HIV infected women. There a very low utilization of cervical cancer screening services in the developing countries. This is despite the high prevalence of premalignant cervical lesions. New strategies facilitate screening in resource-limited settings. An organized effective prevention and control program requires adequate resources and finances. It needs manpower and infrastructure. It is necessary to have surveillance mechanisms of the targeted women with education and sensitization with monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for effectiveness.
An update on survival of people living with HIV in Nigeria.
(2022) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Getrude Uzoma Obeagu
Human immunodeficiency virus is a threat to human existence, especially in developing countries, including Nigeria. Although many preventive and interventional measures have been taken to reduce the threat of HIV, HIV remains a major cause of public challenge in this part of the world. This review was conducted to update society on the survival of people living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. During the course of this review, a number of references were consulted using various search engines including Pubmed Central, Google Scholar, Scopus, Sciago, Web of Science, Research gate, Academia Edu, Semantics and LiveDna. Life expectancy for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) has increased significantly since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Declining HIV/AIDS-related deaths and cohorts are increasing the proportion of people with HIV/AIDS who die from non-HIV/AIDS-related illnesses. Poor access to antiretroviral therapy, inadequate laboratory facilities, knowledge and attitudes of some patients, cultural beliefs, anti-gay laws and increasing HIV/TB co-infection continue to affect people living with HIV. It's a problem. HIV/AIDS-related deaths in Nigeria.
An Update on The Role Of Cytokines In HIV Infection: Immunomodulation Pathways
(International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research, 2022) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Gina Flor Ramos; Getrude Uzoma Obeagu; Rifkatu Hassan
HIV immune activation plays an important role in the immune pathogenesis of this disease. The mechanisms that drive this immune activation are partially defined and may be the result of multiple factors. Although the introduction of concomitant antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved life expectancy in HIV-infected individuals, some sustained immune activation occurs in these patients when plasma HIV RNA levels are 'undetectable'. There is evidence that A better understanding of immune activation pathways should be of value in developing complementary therapies to restore the immune system in HIV-infected patients. This paper describes cytokine-mediated pathways of immune activation of her CD4 and CD8 T-cell pools during HIV infection.
An update on utilization of antenatal care among pregnant Women in Nigeria
(International Journal Of Current Research In Chemistry And Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu
Antenatal care has been defined as the attention, education, supervision and treatment given to the pregnant woman from time conception is confirmed until the beginning of labour in order to ensure safe pregnancy, labour and puerperal. This is essential in order to detect early or any deviation from normal and ensure healthy mother and baby. Antenatal care is an important determinant of high maternal mortality rate and one of the basic components of maternal care on which the lives of mothers and babies depend. Thus, Antenatal care is the care given to a pregnant woman so that she has safe pregnancy and healthy baby this review revealed that attendance and utilization of ANC by pregnant women was considered satisfactory. They should create awareness of health and related matters especially the activities of antenatal services among pregnant women using seminar/ workshop and out with radio, television and newspaper home visit and using women and church leaders..
Antioxidants and Pregnancy Complications: Exploring Therapeutic Strategies for Better Outcomes
(Clinical Journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2024) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu
Pregnancy complications present significant challenges, impacting maternal health and fetal development. Oxidative stress, a key contributor to various pregnancy-related disorders such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and preterm birth, has spurred interest in exploring antioxidant interventions. Antioxidants, known for their ability to counteract oxidative damage, have emerged as potential therapeutic agents to mitigate these complications. This paper synthesizes current knowledge on the role of antioxidants in pregnancy, elucidating their mechanisms of action, sources, and impact on oxidative stress-related complications. It examines diverse antioxidant compounds, including vitamins C and E, selenium, and natural phytochemicals, highlighting their potential to modulate oxidative stress pathways and promote maternal-fetal wellbeing. Furthermore, this paper critically analyzes clinical studies, meta-analyses, and preclinical research exploring the ef􀏐icacy and safety of antioxidant supplementation during pregnancy. It discusses the complexities surrounding optimal dosages, timing, and formulations of antioxidants, aiming to delineate strategies for their integration into prenatal care. In conclusion, this review provides insights into the promising role of antioxidants as therapeutic strategies to alleviate pregnancy complications associated with oxidative stress. It highlights avenues for future research, advocating for a deeper understanding of antioxidant mechanisms and their optimal utilization in prenatal care to enhance maternal and fetal health outcomes.
Assessment of factors associated with burden of Puerperal Sepsis in maternity women at Ishaka Adventist Hospital Bushenyi District
(International Network Organization for Scientific Research, 2023) Ayen Felix
Puerperal sepsis is the infection of the genital tract occurring at any time between the onset of the rupture of membranes or labor and the 42nd day postpartum in which fever and one or more of the following are present: pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, abnormal odour of discharge, and delay in the rate of reduction of size of the uterus. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in most hospitals worldwide especially in developing world. The study was carried out in Ishaka Adventist hospital with the aim of identifying burden of puerperal sepsis and associated factors among mothers in the postnatal ward. A quantitative and qualitative cross sectional study was conducted where by the questionnaires was availed to mothers in maternity ward to fill. From the results, most mothers were age between 25-29 and married. Out of 70 mothers who were interviewed, only 8 mothers were diagnosed with puerperal sepsis and the major risk factors were; home birth 39(55.7%), socio economic factors, i.e., no money 26(37.1%), inadequacy of food during pregnancy 49(70%) and repeated vaginal examination 43(61.4%). Majority of mothers (59%) also believed that puerperal sepsis can lead to a serious complication like infertility, fallopian tube blockage, chronic pelvic pain, acute morbidities and death and 41% don’t know. Majority of the respondents agreed that puerperal sepsis lead to the complication like chronic pelvic pain, infertility, acute morbidities, long term disabilities and the major risk factors were home delivery, inadequacy of food, socio economic factors and prolonged labor. Health workers also agreed that management of puerperal sepsis involved a multidisciplinary approach to achieve a good outcome. We therefore recommend the following; encouraging mothers to deliver from the health facility, use of partograph by the health workers and further studies about the topic was also encouraged.