Bachelor of Clinical Medicine and Community Health(BCM)

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Prevalence and Factors Associated With Rota-Virus Diarrhoea among Children 3-24 Months At Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital
(Kampala International University, 2023-05-15) Laker Goretty
Rota-virus, the most common cause of severe acute diarrhea in the world, has a significant morbidity and fatality rate in children under the age of five, with Children between the ages of 4 - 24 months experiencing the most symptomatic illness. Typically spread from person to person by the oral-fecal route. Therefore, identification and classification of dehydration status forming the foundation of care, are crucial to the evaluation of acute diarrhea. Problem statement: the impact of rotavirus immunization post introduction of virus is not well established. A data from Fort portal regional referral hospital was not able to identify the causes of diarrhea in children seen at the facility. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive and analytical hospital-based study on 268 children 3-24months with acute watery diarrhea who attended Fort-portal regional referral hospital, between December 2022 and February 2023. Stool specimens were tested for rotavirus infection using rapid immunochromatographic assay test (Fastep kits sensitivity=96.8%-99.9% specificity=97.7%-100.0%). Data were cleaned and analysed using SPSS 22. Results: Out of 268 children with acute watery diarrhea, 133 (49.6%) were females, aged <12 months 177 (66.0%), with diarrhea duration less than 5 days 220 (82.1%). children who were positive for rotavirus infection were 42 (15.7%) (95% CI =11.2%-20.1%). Severe dehydration was present in 2 (4.8%), some dehydration in 28(66.7%), no dehydration 12 (28.6%). The factors that were significantly associated with Rota-virus diarrhea at multivariable level were; child’s age less than 12 months (AOR=8.866, CI=1.549-50.738, P=0.014). male child (AOR=0.083, CI=0.019-0.356, P=0.001), child from a home with another person with diarrhea (AOR=17.821, CI=3.484-91.166, P=0.001) , child from a home where water for home use was gotten from a well (AOR=50.170, CI=4.401-71.966, P=0.002).Conclusion: The prevalence of Rota-virus diarrhea was three times less in the post Rota-virus vaccination period compared to pre-rota vaccination period. Majority of the participants with rotavirus diarrhea had some dehydration. The factors that were significantly associated with Rota-virus diarrhea were child’s age, gender, having another person at home with diarrhea and use of water from the well for domestic purpose.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune Heamolytic Aneamia
(Newport International Journal of Biological and Applied Sciences (NIJBAS), 2023) Hauwa Ali Buhari; Solomon Woru Daniel; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu
Immune hemolytic anemia (IHA) stands as a multifaceted hematologic disorder characterized by accelerated destruction of red blood cells due to immune system dysregulation. This paper aims to elucidate the nuanced landscape of IHA, focusing on its diverse diagnostic approaches and evolving treatment strategies. Diagnostic considerations encompass a range of laboratory tests, including direct and indirect Coombs tests, hemolysis markers, and autoimmune antibody panels, elucidating their roles in confirming IHA etiology and subtype classification. Additionally, advancements in imaging modalities aid in identifying underlying causative factors contributing to hemolysis. The paper further scrutinizes therapeutic interventions, spanning corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, and monoclonal antibodies, while also appraising emerging modalities like rituximab and splenectomy. Moreover, the role of supportive care and transfusion strategies in managing IHAassociated complications is delineated. Challenges in IHA management, including refractory cases and adverse effects of therapies, are deliberated alongside the potential of future advancements in precision medicine and targeted therapies. By assimilating the latest diagnostic methodologies and treatment paradigms, this review provides a comprehensive outlook on navigating the complexities of immune hemolytic anemia to optimize patient care and outcomes.
Cytological Evaluation of Urinary Samples among Vesicovaginal Fistula Patients in National Obstetrics Fistula Centre, Southeastern Nigeria
(Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, 2023) Nnaemeka Okorie; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Chika Nathaniel Odigbo; Onyekachi Ewa Ibe; Victor Udoh Usanga; Innocent Chidi Jacob; Ihuoma Obi
Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is a non-physiological epithelial fistulous tract between the bladder and the vagina, resulting in continuous urinary incontinence. VVF occurs most commonly after obstetrical and gynecological injury. This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study designed to carry out cytological evaluation of urine samples of vesicovaginal fistula patients in National Obstetrics Fistula Centre, Southeastern Nigeria. The voided and catheterized urine samples collected were stained using Papanicolaou and Diff-Quick staining techniques. A total number of 123 patients were involved in this study. The mean age of the patients was 36.66 (± 6.21) years. The patients were grouped according to age into 4 groups: 1 (0.8%) was ≤ 24 years, 59 (48.0%) were 25 to 34 years, 43 (35.0%) were 35 to 44 years and 20 (16.2%) were ≥ 45 years of age. The parity status of these cases was grand multipara 29 (23.6%), multipara 32 (37.4%), primipara 46 (37.4%) and nullipara 16 (13.0%). Majority of the patients 111 (90.2%) were from rural areas, (6.5%) from urban areas and 4 (3.3%) were from semi-urban areas. According to marital status, 91 (74.0%) were married, 16 (13.0%) were widowed, 5 (4.1%) were single and 11 (8.9%) were divorced. According to the period the patients had lived with fistula, majority of the patients 94 (76.4%) had lived less than one year with this problem, while 29 (23.6%) had suffered from VVF for 1-5 years. Cytological evaluation of the urine smears showed that a total of 92 (74.8%) urine samples had normal findings. The rest of the 31 (25.2%) urine samples showed a variety of findings. Out of these 31 samples, 16 (51.6%) showed inflammatory aggregates suggestive of urinary tract inflammation, 3 (9.7%) showed decoy cells suggestive of Polyoma virus infection, 7 (22.6%) cases showed perinuclei halo suggestive of Trichomonas vaginalis infection, 3 (9.7%) showed oval fat bodies suggestive of possible nephrotic syndrome, 8(25.8%) cases showed koilocytes, indicative of Human papilloma virus infections. Cases that showed presence of haematuria were 7 (22.6%). There was no case of tumor cells detected in all the urine samples examined. From the outcome of this study, it is important to take special note of the presence of the viral carcinogens: Polyoma virus and Human papilloma virus, since in theory and as reported in few case reports, malignancy of the urinary tract can lead to formation of vesicovaginal fistula.
Congenital Fibrinogen Deficiency in Hemophilia: A Review
(International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research, 2022) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Keerthana Gnanavel
000,000. It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in one of the three genes encoding the three polypeptide chains of fibrinogen located on the long arm of chromosome 4. Spontaneous bleeding, bleeding after minor trauma, and excessive bleeding during interventional procedures are the main symptoms. Replacement therapy is the mainstay of management of bleeding episodes in these patients, with plasma-derived fibrinogen concentrate being the drug of choice. Cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen plasma are alternative treatments that should only be used when fibrinogen concentrate is not available. Secondary preventive treatment can be considered after life-threatening bleeding, but primary preventive treatment is currently not recommended. We also discuss alternative treatment options and management of surgery, pregnancy, and thrombosis in these patients. New tests to identify at-risk patients and the development of safer replacement therapies will improve the treatment of afibrinogenemia in the future
Chromium (Cr) Biosorption, from High Energy Battery (Heb) Effluent Using Fungi
(Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 2022) Vajiha Banu Habeeb Mohamed; Sumithra Pasumalarasu; Kavitha Parangusadoss; Kannahi Manoharan; Vidya Sankarapandain; Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Sunil Kumar; Wilson Mathembele
In the current industrialized world, uses of batteries have gained importance as a result of its high performance and energy storage system. Though, battery was considered safe and produced less carbon foot print, it also has its ill effects such as heavy metal contamination in water and soil, which is also at its threshold to be addressed. Here comes the concern, about the elevated heavy metal concentration especially chromium in the environment and its health hazards exerted over all living organisms. Thus, as an approach towards the bio sorption of chromium from environment, fungal isolates obtained from soil samples of HEB effluent were screened for their resistance and efficiency. Among the 36 fungal isolates attained, Aspergillus was found to be most predominant in both eastern and western area, as well as more resistant to chromium even at 1000 ppm. On further optimization of pH, Temperature, incubation period, carbon source, nitrogen source and phosphorous, it concluded that medium with Glucose, malt extract and potassium dihydrogen phosphate at pH 5 showed significant growth and proficient absorption of chromium under static condition. The 18s rRNA gene sequencing of the effectual organism revealed to be Aspergillus niger (KY354579) with 99 % according to BLAST analysis.

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