Bachelor of Science in Environmental Management

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Accessibility to potable water and its implications to rural community health:
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2013-05) Muwanguzi, Ibrahim
Historically there has been life behind our ways of living and human health has always been linked to our environment. Though the problem of water is common in most parts of maddu, most people have cultures affiliated to water accessibilities which have an effect on child health. Today most people are faced with water related problems which has left most communities in fear hindering sustainable development, such problems include rape, kidnapping, and defilement due to water sources being far away. The study looked at the practices which people are not aware of, but can avail water to their near bye premises. The objectives were to identify the different sources of potable water, to determine factors affecting the distribution of potable water and to find out the mechanisms can be put in place to remedy the situation of water accessibility. The study used a number of methods which included use of questionnaires, interview guides, observation checklist, and photography. The findings indicated that most communities in maddu are located far from the water sources and they mostly practice poor water management which has seriously left them meandering around looking for water far from their homes. The study also found out that most people get water from un protected wells which affects their health and the most common potable water source in the area was taps and protected wells. The study found out that limited resources, poor leadership and poor planning has affected the distribution of potable water in maddu sub-countries In conclusion the study further showed that safe water supplying sources in Maddu still had a low coverage since the major accessible water sources were unprotected wells, and piped water and lack of clean water and safe sanitation traps multitudes of people in poverty as most of our sources of income highly depend on water. However, there are recommendations that can be undertaken as first step towards promotion of potable water accessibility in maddu sub-county and these included sensitization of people, proper physical planning, research, equity and formation of community health clubs.
Adoption of agroforestry technologies and land conservation Strategies in the highlands of South Western Uganda; a case study of Kabale District
(Kampala International University, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2012-09) Mugarura, Robert
The aim of the study was to examine the ~role of Agroforestry Practices in High Land Conservation from peoples activities in Muko and Rubanda villages. The objectives ofthe study were meant to indicate causes of soil erosion and to find out the consequences of soil erosion. They also included the need to establish how trees have been used to control the problems arising from the consequences of soil erosion. The research employed several methods of obtaining data such as observations, questionnaires, oral interviews, conducted and literature reviews. Findings of what activities cause erosion in Muko Sub County. From the findings it was revealed that people’s activities causing erosion can be improved by using practices like intercropping, mulching, contour ploughing and terracing, a forestation, re-a forestation plus zero grazing. It was also found out that consequences of soil Land digridation such as poor water quality, poor air quality, habitat loss, poverty, conflict and migration can be reduced by using agroforestry technologies to ensure maximum utilization of the land and at the same time prevent degradative Land effects that result Trees species such as sesbania Sesban, Leucaene Leucocephalla, Aibizia Albid Ficusses Azadirachta indica, Glerucidia, Cajanus Cajan, Tephrosia and Desmodium are growth for maintaining the soil fertility. The study also revealed some hindrances to the use of agroforestry practices. These included revelations that seeds and seedlings are expensive and not easy to obtain. The land tenure system in the study area is also an obstacle. Most of the land is communal and landownership is not clear. People’s cultures also hinder tree planting, where people believe that trees are God given and God will continue providing trees for them. Sometimes pests and diseases affect the trees leading to loss ofvegetation cover. Extension workers are few and ofien not well trained. The study suggested the following recommendations:-, Land tenure systems must be clear such that private ownership is encouraged. Seeds and seedlings should be cheap and availed to the people at all times when needed to encourage development of private wood lots. Extension workers should be adequately trained. There should also be intensive creation of awareness about how their own activities are causing soil erosion, resultant consequences and ways of curbing it by use of agro forestry technologies, and preferred species, and any other relevant methods.
Adoption of cleaner production for achieving sustainable industrial development in tobacco industries: a case study of British American tobacco, Uganda.
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2013-08) Erick, Odiwuor Okanda
No abstract
An analysis of the impact of urban markets on solid waste management: a case study of Nakasero market Kampala central division
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2007-11) Ssempa Spancer, Alex
The question of solid waste management n in Kampala City is very crucial and demands a lot of attention for every Uganda. Perpetual suffering of our fellow Ugandans demands an immediate attention especially on poor solid waste disposal in the urban markets within Kampala city which is carelessly isolated and highly violated. This study was focused on analyzing the role of urban markets to solid waste management, using Nakasero market as a case study. The specific objectives of the study were: to determine the amount of solid waste generated; to assess the effects of solid wastes; to assess the importance of community’s Education and Awareness creation on SWM, to assess the SWM system in relation to collection transportation and disposal, The study employed a variety of data collection methods, which included among others: Interviews, questionnaires, Observation, review of the related literature, and focused group discussions. The purpose of diversifying the data collection methods was, to ensure maximum validity and reliability of the research findings. To ensure optimal representation of the various stake holders, the research used multiple sampling techniques, which included: simple random sampling, purposive sampling, and the stratified sampling techniques. The major findings of the study were that: the monitoring system of the Kampala city authority is very, hence making waste collection inefficient; the members of the general community are less interested, in voluntarily getting involved in the community cleaning exercises. The researcher, recommended, that frequent community sensitization and health education programmes be introduced in the community.
Assessing the effectiveness of medical waste management strategies; a case study of Mwanza District, Tanzania
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2010-09) David, Kulwa
Medical wastes are highly infectious and hazardous wastes that may carry pathogens of dreadful diseases hence its management is vital not only because human health is important but also quality of the environment has to be kept into consideration. Mismanagement of Medical waste implies combinations of improper handling of wastes during generation, collection, storage, transport and treatment or disposal. However proper strategies for effective management are still the problem in urban areas and are becoming a potential public health risk and an environment burden as well. A study was guided by four objectives aiming on identifying strategies existing, effectiveness of identified strategies, challenges associated with medical waste management and to find out measures to those challenges in medical waste management, where a number of sixty (60) respondents were included and categorized into doctors, nurses, waste department members, private waste collectors companies and local communities where by methods such as interview, questionnaires and observation were used to collect information regarding waste management. Results showing that the identified strategies used to manage medical wastes were frequent collection, privatization, waste separation, waste treatment and incineration as well as to train workers. And their effectiveness seen was such as improves sanitation and quality of environment, improves health of local communities, controls diseases and reduction of wastes volume. However there some challenges that facing medical waste management these were high operational costs, human population increase, inadequate facilities for medical waste management, poor medical waste management technologies, poor government policy and planning, lack of disposal sites and lack of education and awareness among waste handlers. On the other hand the following were recommendations made for the effective medical waste management strategies such as increase budgeting, increase stakeholders participation, encourage public education and awareness, appropriate information and technology in medical waste management and emphasizing training to waste handlers.
Assessing the effectiveness of medical waste management strategies; a case study of Mwanza district, Tanzania:
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2010-07) David, Kulwa
Medical wastes are highly infectious and hazardous wastes that may carry pathogens of dreadful diseases hence its management is vital not only because human health is important but also quality of the environment has to be kept into consideration. Mismanagement of Medical waste implies combinations of improper handling of wastes during generation, collection, storage, transport and treatment or disposal. However proper strategies for effective management are still the problem in urban areas and are becoming a potential public health risk and an environment burden as well. A study was guided by four objectives aiming on identifying strategies existing, effectiveness of identified strategies, challenges associated with medical waste management and to find out measures to those challenges in medical waste management, where a number of sixty (60) respondents were included and categorized into doctors, nurses, waste department members, private waste collectors companies and local communities where by methods such as interview, questionnaires and observation were used to collect information regarding waste management. Results showing that the identified strategies used to manage medical wastes were frequent collection, privatization, waste separation, waste treatment and incineration as well as to train workers. And their effectiveness seen was such as improves sanitation and quality of environment, improves health of local communities, controls diseases and reduction of wastes volume. However there some challenges that facing medical waste management these were high operational costs, human population increase, inadequate facilities for medical waste management, poor medical waste management technologies, poor government policy and planning, lack of disposal sites and lack of education and awareness among waste handlers. On the other hand the following were recommendations made for the effective medical waste management strategies such as increase budgeting, increase stakeholders participation, encourage public education and awareness, appropriate information and technology in medical waste management and emphasizing training to waste handlers.
Assessing the impact of agriculture on protected areas, a case study of Arusha national park- Arusha- Tanzania
(Kampala International University,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2008-11) Nyangusi, Mathias
A study on assessing the impacts of agriculture on protected areas was carried out in Arusha National Park in Tanzania. The variables considered include identifying the factors influencing agriculture around Arusha National Park (ANAPA) and major type of agriculture activities carried out, examining the impacts of these activities on ANAPA and identify the effort of local community and NGOs and National Park Authority to address these effects of agricultural activities on ANAPA and also suggestion for further measures minimize the impacts. To investigate the above variables a general survey research design was used, the data collection tools used includes the interview; observation, questionnaires and literature review. The study further more identify the major reasons for practicing agricultural activities around Arusha National Park such as livestock keeping such as goats ,cattle, sheep’s and rearing pigs, cultivation of food crops such maize, beans, tomato, onions and banana and coffee to small extent. The study revealed the effects of agricultural activities around ANAPA in the general wild biodiversity in the Park and around the Park. The major impacts on the area of study identified ware transmissions of diseases from domestic’s animals to wild animals, loss of wild diversity habitats through clearing land to get more land for cultivation, distraction of migratory route of wild animals and disappearing of indigenous plant species. The researchers established what has been done to protect the wild biodiversity in and around the park through community participation, setting the policies and laws. The study comes up with recommendation that must be put in place in order to minimize the effects of agriculture on ANAPA and these include arising awareness of the public and decision makers, community participation and defining clear roles of relevant agencies.
Assessing the impact of agriculture on protected areas, a case study of Arusha natonal park- Arusha- Tanzania
(Kampala International University,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2008-11) Nyangusi, Mathias
A study on assessing the impacts of agriculture on protected areas was carried out in Arusha National Park in Tanzania. The variables considered include identifying the factors influencing agriculture around Arusha National Park (ANAPA) and major type of agriculture activities carried out, examining the impacts of these activities on ANAPA and identify the effort of local community and NGOs and National Park Authority to address these effects of agricultural activities on ANAPA and also suggestion for further measures minimize the impacts. To investigate the above variables a general survey research design was used, the data collection tools used includes the interview; observation, questionnaires and literature review. The study further more identify the major reasons for practicing agricultural activities around Arusha National Park such as livestock keeping such as goats ,cattle, sheep’s and rearing pigs, cultivation of food crops such maize, beans, tomato, onions and banana and coffee to small extent. The study revealed the effects of agricultural activities around ANAPA in the general wild biodiversity in the Park and around the Park. The major impacts on the area of study identified ware transmissions of diseases from domestic’s animals to wild animals, loss of wild diversity habitats through clearing land to get more land for cultivation, distraction of migratory route of wild animals and disappearing of indigenous plant species. The researchers established what has been done to protect the wild biodiversity in and around the park through community participation, setting the policies and laws. The study comes up with recommendation that must be put in place in order to minimize the effects of agriculture on ANAPA and these include arising awareness of the public and decision makers, community participation and defining clear roles of relevant agencies.
Assessing the Impact of Solid Waste on Human Health: A Case Study of Pondamali Slum in Nakuru District, Kenya
(Kampala International University, bachelors degree of science in Environmental management, 2008-09) Caroline Kwamboka, Onyancha
Solid waste management in the world over has proven to be a challenge, developing countries like the lead in poor solid waste management, this could be attributed to a number of factors which include lack of capacity either financially or infrastructure, and this has contributed largely to the deterioration of health standards of the poor who live in slum areas. A study on assessing the impacts of solid waste management on the human health was carried out in pondamali Slum, Nakuru district Kenya .This research sought to answer questions on solid waste generated by the residents, health effect caused by the poor disposal of waste, the efforts of local residents to handle the problem of poor solid waste management and the measures that can be put in place to control the problem of poor solid waste management in the slum To investigate the above variables a general survey research design was used. Data collection tools included interview, photography, observation, literature review and questionnaire. interviews were carried out to the various groups in Pondamali slum and its nearest environs; photography was used to capture visual data of various parts of the slum and its environs, available literature was also reviewed on the effect of poor slid waste disposal on human health. Questionnaires to describe the effects of poor solid waste disposal on the human health were also distributed, to get greater depth of response. This research reveals the effects of poor disposal of wastes on the general human health and further highlights the highest source of solid waste in Pondamali. The major impacts of poor disposal of wastes in the area as the study identified were diseases, bad odor and blockage of drainage systems. This research established what has been done to protect human health through community participation, setting up of policies and laws together with recycling of wastes. The study came up with recommendations that must be put in place in order to manage wastes. They included raising awareness of the public and decision makers, developing self financing schemes, supporting strategic planning and follow up implementation, developing human resources, community participation and defining clear roles of relevant agencies in developing countries.
Assessing the impacts of participatory approaches on environmental sanitation in Kinondoni Municipality, Tanzania
(Kampala International University, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2011-09) A. Kalongola, Allen
Participatory approaches are methods that emphasize local knowledge and enable people to make their own appraisal, analysis and plans. This also means each of us has a responsibility to plan for the better living environment. It is in this view that a researcher conducted a study to assess the impacts of participatory approaches on environmental sanitation promotion in Kinondoni Municipality, Tanzania. It aimed at identifying the existing participatory approaches on environmental sanitation promotion, level of community knowledge on environmental sanitation approaches and the deficiencies in participatory approaches used in environmental sanitation promotion areas. The study was cross-sectional and employed both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. The households and community leaders were the study unit, 108 households and 5 community leaders were sampled proportionate to the population size of 2900 households and random sampling was carried out in ten wards. 72 respondents out of 113 of the targeted sample size responded. The study found out from the respondents that, the participatory approach mostly used was PHAST; the approach is used in environmental sanitation projects such as water supply, low cost latrines construction and storm water drainage construction. There was a high level of community awareness on the approaches which shows that the responsible people are successfully implementing the approach. From this, I recommended that for effective implementation and promotion of sanitation, an integration of all approaches needs to be used because PHAST can’t work independently.
The assessment of agroforestry in the conservation of forest resource in central districts of Uganda a case study of Busujju County - Mityana District
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2012-09) Tusiime, Lonard
The study assessed the role of Agroforestry in the Conservation of Forest Resource in Central District of Uganda: A Case Study of Busujju County - Mityana District. The objectives of the study included; to analyze the different agro-forestry practices, to examine the causes and impact of forest degradation and to assess the effect of agro-forestry practices in the conservation of forest resource in central districts of Uganda: a case study of Busujju County — Mityana District among others: The research employed Descriptive research approach where simple random sampling technique was used to get the sample size which was used so that the problem at hand was described in depth which required collecting information through questionnaire, interviews and a total sample size of 60 informants was interviewed. This size was more preferable due to time limit, the resources available to carry out the research and it was also used to ensure accuracy in data collection and data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively in form of~ graphs, tables, charts, depending on the convenience and requirements of the data collected, and conclusion were drawn. The major findings of the study was that approximately up to 78% of the natural resources continue to suffer from the effects of forest degradation and other Agroforestry activities such as encompass an entire spectrum of land use systems in which woody perennials are deliberately combined with agriculture crops and/or animals in some spatial temporal arrangement among others. The findings also suggested that promoting diversified farms with agro-forestry in buffer zones can enhance forest integrity (conservation). Responsible stakeholders such as the Government have done completely little to restore hopes to these practices / activities. Government, Civil Society Organizations, Local Community and Internal Community should do a lot to improve on the conservation of natural resources. The Government should take the lead on mobilizing all stakeholders to perform their duties accordingly. In conclusion, therefore, there is need for the international community to support the national and community efforts so as to prevent the negative contributions of Agroforestry practices on the conservation of natural resources by both the local farmers and other concerned local community members but long term, policies should aim to improve economic Opportunities in Central Uganda, Busujju County — Mityana District, to offer communities more constructive alternatives rather than destroying these resources.
The assessment of agroforestry in the conservation of forest resource in central districts of Uganda a case study of Busujju County Mityana District
(Kampala International University, School of engineering and applied science, 2012-09) Tusiime, Lonard
The study assessed the role of Agroforestry in the Conservation of Forest Resource in Central District of Uganda: A Case Study of Busujju County - Mityana District. The objectives of the study included; to analyze the different agro-forestry practices, to examine the causes and impact of forest degradation and to assess the effect of agro-forestry practices in the conservation of forest resource in central districts of Uganda: a case study of Busujju County — Mityana District among others. The research employed Descriptive research approach where simple random sampling technique was used to get the sample size which was used so that the problem at hand was described indepth which required collecting information through questionnaire, interviews and a total sample size of 60 informants was interviewed. This size was more preferable due to time limit, the resources available to carry out the research and it was also used to ensure accuracy in data collection and data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively in form of~ graphs, tables, charts, depending on the convenience and requirements of the data collected, and conclusion were drawn. The major findings of the study was that approximately up to 78% of the natural resources continue to suffer from the effects of forest degradation and other Agroforestry activities such as encompass aif entire spectrum of land use systems in which woody perennials are deliberately combined with agriculture crops and/or animals in some spatial temporal arrangement among others. The findings also suggested that promoting diversified farms with agro-forestry in buffer zones can enhance forest integrity (conservation). Responsible stakeholders such as the Government have done completely little to restore hopes to these practices / activities. Governnent, Civil Society Organizations, Local Community and Internal Community should do a lot to improve on the conservation of natural resources. The Government should take the lead on mobilizing all stakeholders to perform their duties accordingly. In conclusion, therefore, there is need for the international community to support the national and community efforts so as to prevent the negative contributions of Agroforestry practices on the conservation of natural resources by both the local farmers and other concerned local community members but long term, policies should aim to improve economic opportunities in Central Uganda, Busujju County — Mityana District, to offer communities more constructive alternatives rather than destroying these resources.
An assessment of dynamics of land use on wildlife and their dispersal areas: a case study of Nairobi National Park and the surrounding areas
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2011-11) Kiptoo Fredrick, Sang
Wildlife and their dispersal areas are undergoing a severe stress currently due to combinations of land use changes that are practiced around their habitats. This has been due to increased human populations, development of the export processing zones, development of estates (housing Units), agricultural development and the development of road networks. These land use changes have had adverse effects on the behavior of animals and their survival rates. This has increased the conflicts between the population living around the National Park and the wild animals. This has been seen as a result of the destruction of property and sometimes even cause of injury and death, The researcher found out that these activities have creately reduced the space of the dispersal areas due to the practices that are practiced. This has made the animals to adapt to various mechanisms due to the changes such as grazing with the livestock; this ensures their survival techniques outside the national park.
The assessment of non-point source pollution on Lake Victoria a case of Ggaba Landing Site
(Kampala International University, college of Applied Science and Technology, 2018-09) Odongo, Joseph
A research report submitted to the school of engineering and applied sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Degree of Bachelor of Science in Environmental Management of Kampala International University
Assessment of people’s participation in community extension projects :
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2014-11) Nakkazi, Ruth
This study was on the assessment of people’s participation in community extension projects, with a case of Kayunga Sub County, Kayunga district. The study was carried out for a period of one month. The need for the study arose due to numbers of problems that social service providers are facing while establishing community projects. The researcher carried out the study consisting of in-depth interviews, key formats, observations and documentary review. The study was guided by the following objectives such as to assess people’s participation in community extension projects, to identify the extension projects being implemented in the sub county, to find out the reasons for their participation in the extension projects, to identify challenges to active participation in community extension projects and how best to initiate community projects, the possible inter community participation. The study findings showed that the male respondents of the study with 40% Followed by the female with 20%. Majority were between the age of 20-30 and few of them were between the ages of 60 -79. Many of the respondents were primary dropouts and few of them had studied up to University level with 9%. Lack of involvement in decision making was noted to be the leading factor, followed by sex, age, level of education and awareness about the project, some projects did not consider people with disabilities while Youth Livelihood Project Programs considered youth with disabilities to take part in the project programs. The researcher went on to provide recommendation which include people in the identification of community programs, sensitization of people about the nature of the projects, as well as specifying the duration of the projects among others were some of the possible recommendations. The information obtained from this study may help actors in the field of community development to devise better ways of ensuring massive participation so as to hilly deliver the services and achieving their set goals.
Assessment of students’ practices and awareness of environmental issues in secondary schools in Makindye Division Kampala District
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2014-11) Nantumbwe, Edith
In this study efforts were made to give an overview of environmental concern St Denis Ssebugwawo SS Ggaba and Pearl High school secondary schools in Makindve Division. Three research questions were formulated to guide the study. The main objective of this research was to assess the level students’ practices and awareness of environmental issues the study used Questionnaires. interviews and observation checklist to obtain data. The researcher used purposive and simple random sampling techniques to select respondents. The study used two schools in Makindye Division. 142 respondents were sampled from head teachers, teachers and students. Study findings revealed that school environment has been protected, students have learnt how to protect natural resources, and that students have got a strong feeling due to environmental awareness. Students engage in cleaning classrooms, planting flowers. collecting garbage and clearing the compound as ways of protecting and improving the quality of the environment. Recommendations were made that Environmental Education should be a subject on its own and text books supplied to all schools as a way of raising environmental awareness and seminars and workshops be organized such that environmental protection related information is shared with them.
Assessment of the adherence to the acceptable hygiene and sanitation standards in primary schools. a case study of Kasulu Town Council, Tanzania.
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2014-09) Scarion, Eugene Ruhula
Globally, the main factors responsible for diarrhoeal disease are inadequate drinking water, sanitation and hygiene practices. In particular. diarrhoeal disease due to inadequate water and sanitation is one of the two most important factors in childhood mortality in low income countries. The objectives of the study were to find out the causes of poor hygiene and sanitation in primary schools of Kasulu Town Council of Tanzania, to determine the effects of poor hygiene and sanitation on the performance of primary schools, to find out the sanitary facilities commonly used in maintaining proper hygiene and sanitation in primary schools and finally to explore the strategies put in place to ensure the adherence to the acceptable standards of hygiene and sanitation in primary schools. The study was carried in Kasulu Town council in five (5) primary schools comprised of 117 respondents whereby simple random sampling and purposive sampling were u~ed to select the sample. The study revealed that ignorance was the greatest cause or challenge leading to poor hygiene and sanitation in the primary schools and surrounding communities within the schools in Kasulu town council while lack of guidelines on sanitation and hygiene by the ministries, parents and teachers was the least, Diarrhoea is the highest disease caused by poor hygiene and sanitation. Absenteeism and poor performance is the other leading effect while the least was dehydration. Waste bins are the most common hygiene and sanitary facilities that are in all the primary schools while the least is boreholes. In general, all the sample primary schools do not meet most of the minimum required WASH standards because of the inadequate hygiene and sanitation facilities, lack of clean water and safe water, poor sensitization and inadequate funding hence pose a threat to the pupils’ lives while at school. The greatest measure put in place is sensitization of pupils, teachers and parents about the benefits of maintaining good hygiene and sanitation while the least measure used is the implementation of policies. Recommendations of the study are; more robust methods of sensitization and public participation, increase the sanitary facilities and where they exist have frequent maintenance, guidelines on WASH must be developed and emphasized, the government must allocate more funds to the MOH and MoEVT and finally proper coordination by all the concerned parties to a schools’ hygiene and sanitation condition should be a priority.
Assessment of the distribution of Macarangakilimandscharjca tree species in Mukura Forest Reserve. a case study of Rusebeya and Mukura Sectors in Rutsiro District, Western Province, Rwanda.
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2014-08) Sidikubwabo, Martin
Macaranga Kilimandscharica (Umusekera) family Euphorbiaceae is one among the tree species which occur in Mukura forest reserve which is threatened by local people due to its uses such as fire wood, charcoal , timber ,medicine, and poles for house construction . Despite that, it is being threatened within Mukura forest reserve yet its distribution, density and habitat status are unknown. This study was conducted within Mukura forest to find out the distribution in the different habitats to know its status and prevent its extinction. The objectives of this study were to identify the habitat type in which Macaranga kilmandscharica occurs (open forest, secondary forest and others) , to identify the likely effects to the survival of Macaranga kilmandscharica in the different habitats, to determine the relationship between the density at DBH (Breast height Diameter) of Macaranga kilmandscharica and habitat type .Different materials and methods such as decameter for measuring distances, digital camera for taking photos, colored tape to mark the plots, data sheets to record the data collected on the field, DBH tape for measuring the diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees and notebook, pen and markers used. Two transects of 1km each and Plots of 50x 50m on alternate sides were established along the transects at 50m interval. The results from this study revealed that Macaranga kili,nandscharica occurs in secondary forest, open forest, cleared, burned zone, fern as well as marsh. Fire wood collection, grass collection, grazing Macaranga cutting, mining and other tree species cutting were identified as human activities disturbing the survival of Macarangakilimandscharica within Mukura forest, while the natural disturbance was presence of Sericostachys scandens. It has determined that the DBH of Macaranga kilimandscharica degraded habitats is significantly different from non-degraded habitats (f =5.34, p = 0.000 123, df= 5 and 207 p< 0.05 Anova single factor).
Assessment of the efficiency of solid waste management systems in eastern division, Soroti Municipality
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2009-09) Eniru, Emmanuel Innocent
Solid wastes are materials that have been discarded from the material flow pattern because they lack value to the owner. Solid waste management systems are a group of related, proved and effective tools that work together as a whole to reduce the volume of solid wastes from the generation points, storage, collection, treatment, recycling or reusing and disposing off the remaining waste material in an effort to reduce their effect on human health or local aesthetics and amenity. The study was conducted in Eastern Division, Soroti municipality, Eastern Uganda to assess the efficiency of solid waste management systems. The objectives of the study were to identify the collection and disposal systems of solid waste management, to find out the efficiency of these systems, to explore the challenges associated with these systems and establishing the measures put in place to ensure efficient solid waste management. This was achieved by using purposive and simple random sampling to select the population. The data was collected using both open and closed ended questionnaires, interview guides, observation and photography for obtaining primary data while secondary data was obtained from reviewing of literature. The findings of the study indicated that the most common ways of collecting solid wastes being used include vehicles, wheel barrows, bicycles, old jerrycans and used containers, sisal sacks and polythene. The disposal methods being used include open dumping, burning or burying, litter bins, rubbish pits, sanitary landfills, others are cremation, latrine dumping, incineration, pig or animal feeding. However, the results indicated that these methods were inefficient and this was attributed to indiscriminate and ignorant disposal, lack of awareness, mixing of bio degradable and non biodegradable wastes, inadequate equipments, pollution, inadequate funds hence delayed payment of workers, low frequency of waste collection for disposal, weak laws and regulations. With this, I concluded that the existing solid waste collection and disposal methods were inefficient in this area in relation to the high population growth rates hence I suggested the following recommendations; More incentives for solid waste collection and disposal such as timely payment of employees, timely collection and disposal, modern machinery for handling complicated wastes. Great emphasis on community participation, monitoring and surveillance, increased allocation of funds towards environment management by the Local government, environment education programs for creating further awareness, strict laws and policies.
Assessment of the impact of charcoal production on savannah vegetation in Sanaag Region, Somalia.
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2013-09) Mohamed, Ismail Mohamed
Nowadays, charcoal supplies about 95 percent of the domestic and commercial cooking energy needs in the developing countries including Somalia. This study assessed the impact of charcoal production on savannah vegetation in Sanaag region by finding out the causes of charcoal production and/or burning on savannah vegetation, identifying the various forms of charcoal production activities on savannah vegetation, examining how charcoal productionMaffects savannah vegetation and assessing how the different strategies put in place are regulating charcoal production on savannah vegetation. The research study was descriptive and qualitative in nature hence both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used. A sample size of 77 respondents was considered. The study used both random and purposive sampling procedures. Data was analyzed using corresponding percentages, in the frequency tables and further presentation in the pie-charts and bar graphs. The study found out and concluded that most of the local people do not see charcoal production as a danger to the savannah vegetation and unemployment is the leading cause of charcoal burning, The most common method used for charcoal production is the earth pit kiln. The traditional earth mounds produce up to 10 bags of charcoal as the highest in terms of production while the steel kiln method produces more than 10 bags and it is the least used and preferred. However, the earth pit kilns produce 2 basins to 6 bags of charcoal and it is the most preferred. The highest price of charcoal is US $25 and above. The domestic activity that uses too much charcoal is cooking food. Pastoralism is the most preferred alternative economic activity to charcoal production. Acacia bussei is the tree species mostly used for charcoal burning. Another finding of the study indicated that reduction and/or loss of soil productivity is the most serious negative effect on savannah vegetation while the least effect was pollution. The highest benefit of charcoal burning to the local people is source of income or employment. It was found that the best measure of regulating charcoal production is the diversification of economic activities. The following recommendations were made including Income Generating Activities, conducting proper training and skills, loans should be provided at affordable interest rates and a scheme of small grants, more awareness should also be created at all levels of education, the government should reduce the prices of charcoal to discourage its export while also prohibiting the export of charcoal. Energy saving technologies, fast growing tree species should be introduced. Periodic research should be conducted and a ban should be put on the cutting of the scarce Acacia tree species.