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- ItemFemale genital mutilation and girl child education in selected schools Namanga Division, Kajiado District, Kenya(College of Education, Open & Distance Learning, 2007-11) Koin, Jackline; NkamaloThe purpose of this study was to bring to light the effects of Female Genital Mutilation on the girl child education. In particular, the study sought to find a correlation between girl’s admission, retention performance and the practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). The objectives of the study were to examine the prevalence of FGM among Primary school girls and its effects on their education, identify the girls’ attitude towards their education after FGM, examine early pregnancies and early marriage in relation to FGM and to examine girls’ health in relation to FGM.
- ItemFlexible approach for user evaluation of biomedical ontologies(Makerere University, 2008) Maiga, Gilbert; Ddembe, WilliamThere has been an emergence of various ontologies describing data from either the clinical or biological domains. Associated with this are attempts to develop systems that integrate clinical and biological ontologies using various strategies to overcome issues of scope, differing levels of granularity and conflicting user needs. However, lack of knowledge about user needs for such integration systems, and absence of a general framework to assess their suitability for specific application remain obstacles to their reuse and wide adoption in distributed computing environments. This paper describes a study that aims to address this problem by proposing an evaluation framework for ontology integration to suit user needs. The framework draws on existing ontology evaluation approaches in relating user objectives to ontology characteristics. Systems theory is used to explain the dynamics of a biomedical environment. The framework therefore includes feedbacks from the evaluation process to the user characteristics of the integrated systems. This framework was validated by a study using structured interviews and questionnaires in a survey. The results indicate that it is sufficiently flexible for evaluating ontology based biomedical integrated systems, taking into account the conflicting needs of different users interested in accessing complex libraries of biomedical data.
- ItemAttitudes of parents towards education of hearing impaired children in an inclusive setting of selected primary schools: A case study of Rimoi primary school, Keiyo district-Kenya(College of Education, Open & Distance Learning, 2008-11) Chepchieng, M. SirmaThe purpose of the study was to find out whether attitudes of Keiyo’s towards education of the children with hearing impairment was positive or negative...
- ItemFinancial performance in the selected micro-finance institutions in Uganda(ESRSA Publications Pvt ltd, 2010) Sunday, Arthur; Turyahebwa, Abanis; Sumil, Novembrieta; Byamukama, EliabThis study was undertaken to examine the degree of financial performance in the selected Microfinance institutions central region, Uganda. The ex- post facto or retrospective, prospective designs and descriptive survey design, and specifically descriptive comparative and descriptive correlation strategies were employed. A minimum sample of 266 was used in data collection and analysis. Data was analysed using means and t-test. The findings revealed that the degree of financial performance in the microfinance institutions in central region Uganda is high with an overall average mean of 3.09 this implies that that most financial institutions in Uganda are financially sound. The contingency theory by Joan Wood wards (1958) as cited and explained by Simons‟ (1995) levers of management system control model was authenticated and validated. The conclusion was drawn that the degree of financial performance in the microfinance institutions in central region Uganda was generally high and it was recommended that Microfinance institutions should enhance financial reporting framework to improve on the liquidity position, improve assets value, market share, financial sustainability as well as portfolio quality.
- ItemHeavy metal assessment and water quality values in urban stream and rain water(IRSEN, CEERS, IAU, 2010) Sekabira, K; Oryem–Origa, H.; Basamba, T. A; Mutumba, G.; Kakudidi, EWater quality monitoring in developing countries is inadequate, especially in stream water affected by urban effluents and runoff. The purpose of this study was to investigate heavy metal contaminants in the Nakivubo Stream water in Kampala, Uganda. Water samples Nakivubo Channelized Stream, tributaries and industrial effluents that drain into the stream were collected and analysed for the total elemental concentration using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that: 1) the wastewater was highly enriched with lead and manganese above the maximum permissible limit; 2) the levels of dissolved oxygen were below the maximum permissible limit, while the biological oxygen demand was above the maximum permissible limit. All industrial effluents/wastewater were classified as strong (> 220 mg/L). Factor analysis results reveal two sources of pollutants; 1) mixed origin or chemical phenomena of industrial and vehicular emissions and 2) multiple origin of lead (vehicular, commercial establishment and industrial). In conclusion, Nakivubo Channelized Stream water is not enriched with heavy metals. These heavy metals (lead, cadmium and zinc) were rapidly removed by co-precipitation with manganese and iron hydroxides and total dissolved solids into stream sediments. This phenomena is controlled by pH in water.
- ItemKIU Journal for Social Sciences(Kampala International University, 2010) Kampala International University, Faculty of Social SciencesThis issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences touches on governance, development and organizational management. Kyohairwe, Auyeh, and Mwesigwa examine various aspects of citizenry participation in decentralized political settings. Kyohairwe argues that whereas citizens are hoped to bring their governments to account, in Uganda’s decentralized system, the activism of many citizens participating in the political process is foiled by their pursuit of egocentric interests. Accordingly, she argues that the opportunities for citizenry participation in political processes that are offered by the country’sdecentralized setting should be complemented by efforts towards building a politically effective citizenry. Auyeh examines the political and administrative context within which civil society organisations in Uganda emerged and are operating. He contends that while decentralisation opened an operational sphere for these organisations to mushroom, their effectiveness is hampered by shortfalls in the levels of their internal democracy, accountability and transparency. On the other hand, taking the case of Hoima District Local Government, Mwesigwa reports that citizenry participation in political governance significantly contributes to the quality of social services delivery, the inference being that citizens should actively participate in the political governance of their local governments. Indeed, in another article, he implicates voters’ behaviours for the incidence of poll violence in Uganda, further emphasising the prominence of their role in causing and solving governance and development related problems in the country. Kyohairwe discusses the question of quotas of women representatives to political decision making organs. Grounded on an insightful theoretical review, the paper examines the arguments for and against the quotas and the modes through which the quotas are implemented before reporting the findings of a study that probed the relevance of these quotas. Opolot, Natolooka and Kibikyo write on women’s rights to land; transnational and multinational corporations; and pro-poor growth policy respectively. Starting with examination of the indispensability of land in production, Opolot’s paper discusses the socio-political hindrances to women’s access to land as well as the consequences of the deprivation of women’s land rights after which it makes a case for women’s right to land. Natolooka notes the potential of transnational and multinational corporations to contribute to both the observance and abuse of social and economic rights in their host countries. Subsequently, the paper recommends the regulation of these organisations, to ensure that they do not promote the abuse of social and economic rights in their host countries. Finally, Kibikyo examines the pro-poor growth policies implemented in Uganda in the 1990s and 2000s, giving specific attention to the performance of the policies at micro and macro levels. Under organisational management, Natolooka discusses the applicability of Herzberg’s Two Factors Theory of motivation to Bank of Uganda. Using primary data elicited from a cross section of employees of the Ba nk, he concludes that the theory is applicable to the Bank albeit partially, meaning that application of the propositions of the theory in the Bank, and similar organisations, should be judicious. Kayombo et al. report the findings of a study that delved into the quality of piped water in Dar es Salaam City. They report that household water in the area is contaminated with faecal coli form, an indication of secondary contamination and inadequate treatment. Finally, Salami reports evidence of relationship between job stress, counter productive work behaviour and negative affectivity.
- ItemMeasuring levels of end users acceptance and use of hybrid library services(2010) Tibenderana, Prisca; Ogao, Patrick J.; Ikojah, Odongo R.; Wokadala, JamesThis study concerns the adoption of Information Communication Technology (ICT) services in libraries. The study collected 445 usable data from university library end-users using a crosssectional survey instrument. It develops, applies and tests a research model of acceptance and use of such services based on an existing UTAUT model by Venkatesh, et al. (2003). Results show that ‘relevance’ and ‘social influence’ have significant effects on intentions to use e-library services. Results further show that university communities in Uganda are inclined to use electronic library services due to social demands, relevancy of services, available facilitating conditions and benefits they expect from the services. Most importantly, the Service Oriented Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (SOUTAUT) model explains 57% of variance towards acceptance and use of e-library services.
- ItemReadiness of Kampala International University doctoral students for open and distance education.(Research Gate, 2010) Bakkabulindi, F.E.K.; Mulumba F.N.; Burani, Alan; Oketch, C.; Taibu, A.This study examined the readiness of Kampala International University Doctoral Students for open and distance education and related this readiness to gender, income and perceived user friendliness of ICT. Using a self-administered questionnaire, data were collected from 43 of these students and analysed using means, t-test and correlation analyses. The findings were that there is relationship between each of gender, income and perceived user friendliness of ICT and readiness for open and distance learning. However, only the relationship between perceived user friendliness of ICT and the said readiness was found to be statistically significant. Therefore, it was concluded that, if they are to be ready for open and distance education, the students deserve equal encouragement, exposure and training with respect to the use of ICT, notwithstanding their gender and income differentials.
- ItemKIU Journal for Social Sciences(2010-10) Kampala International University, Faculty of Social SciencesThe world over, the delivery of social services is increasingly difficult. Citizens are demanding more and better social services, notwithstanding the fact that their governments’ resources are increasingly inadequate. Over the years, the desire to surmount this inadequacy of resources and provide satisfactory social services has motivated various innovations. Some of these innovations have worked. Conversely, some have presented challenges that, in turn, require innovative solutions. Kampala International University acknowledges the fact that, amidst this state of affairs, it is incumbent upon the scholarly community to contribute to the generation, discussion and dissemination of the much needed innovations. It is with this cognizance that the Management Board of Kampala International University Journal of Social Science dedicates a special issue of the Journal to the discussion of contemporary issues in social services management. In this issue, several authors reflect on contemporary issues in education management. Salami delves into the correlates of job stress and burnout among university lecturers, with the conclusion that incidence of these problems is related to personality and social support. Natolooka and Nyiransabimana examine the causes and consequences of the gender gap in disfavour of women in Rwandan education. They implicate poverty, child labour and dysfunctional cultural practices for the gap. Accordingly, they recommend the promotion of awareness about the benefits of women’s education; provision of scholastic materials and scholarships to girls; and discouragement of child labour and cultural practices that foil the retention of girls. Bakkabulindi et al. address the correlates of utilisation of internet facilities among doctoral students, taking the case of Kampala International University. The team reports insigni ficant relationships between gender, level of income and perception of the advantages that the internet offers, on one hand, and the utilisation of internet facilities, on the other. Grounded on these findings, they make recommendations pertaining to the deserving foci of efforts to promote the utilisation of these facilities at the University. Starting with an examination of students’ perceptions of university management related inadequacies affecting their completion rates, Duze makes some recommendations pertaining to the improvement of the supervision of postgraduate students in a Nigerian setting. Reporting on a study that investigated the relationship between teachers’ salaries and work performance in Iganga District, Kibikyo and Samanya reveal that salary is not a significant predictor of teachers’ work performance. This is with the result that relevant policy persons are urged to look beyond increasing teachers’ salaries and pay attention to the non-financial factors affecting teachers’ work performance. Finally, Mwesigwa reports on the relationship between English language competence and academic performance at Kampala International University, a topical issue in this era of increasing south-south flows of international university students.
- ItemNew biologically active compounds from 1, 3-Diketones(Res.J.Chem. Sc., 2011) Mulongo, George; Mbabazi, Jolocam; Odongkara, B; Twinomuhwezi, H; Mpango, G.BThe ready availability of cyclohexanones and the enhanced reactivity at their -positions render them starting materials of choice in the present study. The synthesis of new compounds of antimicrobial activity was undertaken by the coupling of aromatic amines with 5,5-dimethyl cyclohexan-1,3-dione (dimedone). The products were refluxed with N–benzyl-N-phenylhydrazine in acetic acid. The structures of the products were elucidated using micro- and IR-spectral analyses. They were confirmed using 1H NMR at 60MHz and TMS as internal standard. The diketone derivatives were tested for their biological activity against gram-positive Cocci and Bacilli, and gram-negative Bacilli. The study showed that the derivatives gave a wide range of activity from inactive to highly active, which proves it to be of fresh pharmaceutical interest.
- ItemHeavy metal phytoremediation by Commelina benghalensis (L) and Cynodon dactylon (L) growing in Urban stream sediments(Academic Journals, 2011) Sekabira, K.; Oryem–Origa, H.; Mutumba, G.B; Basamba, T.A.Urbanisation and industrialization lead to heavy metal pollution in the Nakivubo drainage ecosystem. The objectives of this study were to determine heavy metal concentrations and distribution in Commelina benghalensis (L.) and Cynodon dactylon (L.) that grows in different polluted sites along the urban stream sediments of the Nakivubo drainage ecosystem in Kampala, Uganda. To investigate the possibility of using these plant species in phytoextraction and phytostabilisation of heavy metal pollutants, assessment of heavy metals was done using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor values (BAF and TF > 1) for both plant species were greater than one for Cu at some sites suggesting efficient accumulation in the shoot. BAF > 1 and TF < 1 values for Pb, Cd and Zn suggest accumulation in roots and qualify these plants also as good candidates for phytostabilisation. In conclusion, the heavy metal sequestration from urban stream sediments by plant parts that are harvestable are characterized and recommended as good candidates for phytoremediation (phytoextraction and phytostabilisation) and can be used as indicators of heavy metal pollution for the urban stream ecosystem
- ItemWorkplace environment in selected multinational companies (MNCS) in Kampala, Uganda.(Society for Promoting International Research and Innovation (SPIRI), 2012) Ssekajugo, DerickThe study investigated the levels of workplace environment in selected MNCs operating in Central Uganda under the dimensions: (1) workplace arrangement; (2) attitudinal atmosphere; (3) work conditions and (4) manager’s/supervisor’s practices. The ex post facto/retrospective-prospective and descriptive strategies were employed. Data were analyzed using summary statistics (i.e. mean and rank by construct).The findings revealed that managers’/supervisors’ practices were ranked one while work conditions was ranked last from among the 4 constructs on level of workplace environment. The overall mean illustrated a satisfactory level of workplace environment although this was not the highest level. The null hypothesis of no significant differences in the level of workplace environment among MNCs was rejected. Inferences were made that MNCs in Central Uganda had differing workplace environment and that such environment had impact on the operations of MNCs thus authenticating the Contingency theory by Fiedler (1964). It was recommended that there was need to elevate the level of workplace environment.
- ItemA technique for strengthening weak passwords in electronic medical record systems(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012) Maiga, Gilbert; Kalyango, Samuel TusubiraThe internet has accelerated access to and sharing of electronic medical records (EMR). EMRs are meant to be confidential and only accessed or shared with authorization from the owner. A combination of UserID and a Password is the most widely used mechanism to assure user authentication and access to EMRs. However, these mechanisms have been greatly compromised by guessing and hacking of weak passwords leading to increased cases of medical identity theft, cyber terrorism and information systems attacks. This has resulted in false financial claims, debts due to unauthorized disclosure of the private and confidential EMRs leading to huge losses for the victims. This study developed a technique to strengthen weak passwords that integrates UserIDs, weaker password, salts, challenge responses and random variables to derive a stronger password for authentication. A system prototype to test the technique was built, tested and validated by users.
- ItemGrowth and internationalization of small enterprises in Kampala district, Uganda(2012) Olutayo, Osunsan K; Sumil, NovembrietaThis study was undertaken at the end of 2011 to examine the levels of growth and internationalization in selected Small business enterprises (SBE) in Kampala district, Uganda. To test the null hypotheses of: (i) no significant difference in the level of growth and internationalization between age of SBE; (ii) no significant difference in the level of growth and internationalization between types industry/sector of SBE; (iii) no significant relationship between the level of growth and internationalization of selected SBE; To authenticate information within the context of the theory to which this study is based. Using a quantitative, ex post facto, descriptive correlational and cross-sectional survey design; the data was analyzed using t-test, Linear Regression, ANOVA and Pearson’s methods as were called for. The findings revealed there was a high level of growth and very low level of internationalization; (i) there was no significant difference in levels of growth between age of SBE, while there was a significant difference in level of internationalization between age of SBE;(ii) there was also a significant difference in the level of growth and internationalization between types of industry of SBE; (iii) there was a significant negative relationship between level of growth and internationalization. The Network Theory of Internationalization by Johanson and Mattsson (1988) was authenticated. Conclusion was drawn that level of internationalization was generally low and it was recommended that entrepreneurs should incorporate internationalization in their businesses plan and strategic goal/vision; and that policies and information should be facilitated by government and agencies to encourage internationalization and to reduced the perception of its complexity at least within the East African region and finally the global market.
- ItemInformation sharing inventory management and customer satisfaction: the case of manufacturing firms in Kampala(2012) Namagembe, Sheila; Munene, J.C.; Muhwezi, Moses; Eyaa, SarahInformation sharing and inventory management have emerged as key factors for manufacturing firms wanting to meet their customer demand in the downstream chain. Downstream chains of manufacturing firms in Uganda face a number of challenges that affect customer satisfaction. Information sharing and poor inventory management are some of the challenges that affect customer satisfaction in the downstream chain. This study attempts to study the relationship between information sharing, inventory management and customer satisfaction in the downstream chain of manufacturing firms in Uganda. Customer satisfaction in the downstream chain is important because Manufacturing firms contribute a large percentage to the GDP of the country. The research was based on registered distributors and retailers who sell products of manufacturing firms in Uganda. A Sample of 523 was taken composed of registered retailers and distributors. A survey questionnaire was used which was adopted from those used by previous scholars and was modified to suit the local setting. A response rate of 69% was achieved. The study established that information sharing explained 47.1% of the variation in customer satisfaction and inventory management explained 39.4% of the variation in customer satisfaction. According to the results, information sharing affects customer satisfaction more than inventory management. This is consistent with what previous scholars have found out. These results raise implications to the owners manufacturing firms in Uganda and to the theory as well. This is the first study to document the effect of information sharing ,inventory management on customer satisfaction in the downstream chain of manufacturing firms in Uganda. Manufacturing firms in Uganda have neglected the issues of information sharing and inventory management which has affected their ability to meet customer needs. The results indicate that the firm’s ability to share information and ensure proper inventory management has implications on customer satisfaction. The fact that manufacturing firms are not willing to share information with their downstream chain partners also has important implications, demonstrating the practical value of information sharing and inventory management
- ItemAuditing scholarly journals published in Malaysia and assessing their visibility(MJLIS, 2012-04) Zainab, A.N.; Sanni, S.A.; Edzan, N.N.; Koh, A.P.The problem with the identification of Malaysian scholarly journals lies in the lack of a current and complete listing of journals published in Malaysia. As a result, librarians are deprived of a tool that can be used for journal selection and identification of gaps in their serials collection. This study describes the audit carried out on scholarly journals, with the objectives (a) to trace and characterized scholarly journal titles published in Malaysia, and (b) to determine their visibility in international and national indexing databases. A total of 464 titles were traced and their yearly trends, publisher and publishing characteristics, bibliometrics and indexation in national, international and subject-based indexes were described.
- ItemIntegrating ICT in traffic police department in Uganda: design and development of traffic case management system(TCRIS)(International Institute, Technology and Education (IISTE), 2013) Conrad, Mubaraka M; irgi, Ibrahim Mohammad; Nanyanzi, Percy L.Bhe study was about the development of Traffic Case Records Information System (TCRIS) that would ease storage and retrieval of traffic cases in the Traffic Department of the Uganda Police. The method used to manage traffic cases is manual; information collected daily is written on paper and stored in files for reference, thus making the captured cases susceptible to loss, easy access by unauthorized people and destruction. The researcher set out to study the current system, analyze the needs and then improve on the system by designing and developing a Traffic Case Records Information System. Data collection techniques such as interviews and observation were applied to get the necessary information from the Traffic officers in the Traffic Department at the Central Police Station, Kampala. The system developed captures the defaulters’ bio data, traffic offence committed and the charge for the traffic offence. The TCRMS makes the use of the camera that captures the photo of the defaulter and the biometric gadget that captures the defaulter’s thumb print for police reference. All these are centrally stored in the database but are shared with migrations department, Bank of Uganda (BoU) and Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) which government departments work closely with police in regard to such offences. Different programming languages were used during the development of the system including Visual Basic for the front end and SQL Server 2005 for the back end. The system is thus user friendly in the way it inserts, retrieves and updates user information
- ItemFinancial growth and pre-bureaucratic structures of international business in banks in Uganda.(Trans Steller Journal Publications and Research Consultancy ( TJPRC), 2013) Kirabo, Kyeyune; Bounty, Joseph; Yahayah, IbrahimThis study investigated the levels of financial growth and pre-bureaucratic structures of international business in some selected banks in Uganda. Specifically the study purposed to (i) determine the demographic profiles of the respondents in terms of gender, age, education qualifications, location of banks, position held in the bank and years of service;(ii) to determine the level of financial growth in the selected international banks.(iii) to determine the level of prebureaucratic structures in the selected international banks in the study (iv) to establish whether there is a significant difference in the level of financial growth and the level of pre-bureaucratic structures in the international banks and (v) to establish whether there is a significant relationship between financial growth and pre-bureaucratic structures in international banks. Using a descriptive, comparative, correlational and cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 108 top corporate and middle managers using self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) as the main data collection instruments. Data were analyzed at uni-variate level using frequency counts and summary statistics, at bivariate level using student’s t-test, ANOVA and linear correlation Co-efficient analysis and lastly at multi-variate level using Regression Analysis. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents managers (95.4%) have offices in Kampala, (65.8%) serve banks whose existence is not beyond 20 years, (91.7%) are university graduates, 70.4% were in the early adulthood age, (52.8%) were males, (58.3%) were middle managers and (79.6%) had served their banks between 1-10 years. Financial growth had a mean of (2.70). There was a significant relationship between the level of financial growth and prebureaucratic structures (Sig. =0.038) and a significant correlation between financial growth and pre-bureaucratic structures respectively (Sig. = 0.000). There was no significant difference between male and female views on pre-bureaucratic structures. It was found that financial growth had no significant influence on pre-bureaucratic structures (Sig. =0.607). It was inferred that financial growth had a significant effect on pre-bureaucratic structures. It is strongly recommended that banks should step up their trading of government securities and bonds. They should also tap in the merits of leverage
- ItemAdoption and use of e- technologies in selected commercial banks in Uganda(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2013) Conrad, Mubaraka M; Uba, Zacharia; Gokyalya, SolomeThis reports the findings of the study issues concerning the adoption and use of e-technologies in selected commercial banks in Uganda. This study investigates the use of e-technologies services and research framework is based on adoption and usefulness of e-technologies to banks in Uganda. This theory survey was conducted to gather the data on adoption and use of e-technologies. Using a cross sectional survey design, the researchers found that much as most E-technologies are in place in these banks, there is still low level of adoption due to low levels of IT exposure by both bank staff and customers. The researchers thus recommend that several on the job training sessions be organized for staff and go extra mile to train customers as well
- ItemTechnological growth and pre-bureaucratic structures of international business in banks of Uganda.(Global Institute for Research and Education, 2013) Kirabo, Kyeyune Bounty Joseph; Yahayah, Ibrahim; Sumil, NovembrietaThis study investigated the level of technological growth and pre-bureaucratic structures of international business in some selected banks in Uganda. Specifically the study undertook to (i) determine the demographic profiles of the respondents in terms of gender, age, education qualifications, location of banks, position held in the bank and years of service;(ii) to determine the level of technological growth in the selected international banks in the study; (iii) to determine the level of pre-bureaucratic structures in the selected international banks in the study (iv) to establish whether there is a significant difference in the level of technological growth and level of pre-bureaucratic structures in the international banks and (v) to establish whether there is a significant relationship between technological growth and pre-bureaucratic structures in international banks. Using descriptive, comparative, correlational and cross-sectional strategies, data were collected from 108 top managers and middle managers using self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) as the main data collection instruments. Data were analyzed at uni-variate level using frequency counts and summary statistics, at bivariate level using student’s t-test, ANOVA and linear correlation co-efficient analysis and lastly at multi-variate level using Regression Analysis. The study revealed that majority of the respondents managers (95.4%) have offices in Kampala, (65.8%) serve banks whose existence is not beyond 20 years, (91.7%) are at least graduates, 70.4% were in the early adulthood age, (52.8%) were males, (58.3%) were middle managers and (79.6%) had served their banks between 1-10 years. The levels of technological growth were high (2.62). The study found a significant relationship between the level of technological growth and pre-bureaucratic structures (Sig.=0.038). There was no significant difference between male and female views on pre-bureaucratic structures. Technological growth had a significant effect on pre-bureaucratic structures (Sig. = 0.000). It was concluded that technological growth had a significant effect on private enterprise structures. It was recommended that banks engaged in international business should adopt appropriate technology to establish the desired private enterprise structures. It is thus strongly recommended that banks should adopt ICT full blast.