Bachelor of Pharmacy

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A study of the acute toxicity, phytochemical and analgesic properties of the aqueous root extract of flueggea virosa (family: euphorbiaceae)
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2010-04) Kezia, Matuki Eunice
Introduction/Objectives: Fluegge a virosa grows wild in tropical Africa, Arabian Peninsula, tropical Asia, Japan, Australia and Polynesia, and it can also be domesticated. The different parts of the plant have many folkloric usage for diverse ailments including pain, fever, malaria, sexual dysfunction, diabetes, epilepsy, antiarrhythmic, HIV -related illness among many others. The root is claimed to be the most potent part of the plant. In view of the claimed therapeutic potentials, investigation of the aqueous extract of the root was carried out to ascertain its acute toxicity, phytochemical constituents and analgesic activity. Methodology: The plant material was extracted using decoction method since this is how it is used locally. Acute toxicity tests were conducted in rats using modified Lorke' s method to determine the safety of the extract. Phytochemical screening was conducted using methods outlined in Trease and Evans to determine the components of the extracts. Analgesic studies were carried out using thermal induced pain (tailflick method) and chemical induced pain (formalin) in rats by giving extracts orally at 100, 200 and 400mglkg of body weight. Results: Acute toxicity tests did not record any death among the different groups of rats used. Phytochemical tests showed the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and reducing sugars. Analgesic studies (thermal induced pain-tailflick method) showed some activity, which tested insignificant to ANOVA test and chemical induced pain (formalin) showed good activity and tested significant to ANOVA test. Conclusion: The aqueous root extract of Flueggea virosa has many useful phytochemical constituents. Acute toxicity tests indicated that the extract could be generally regarded as safe. The extract has a dose dependent analgesic effect which is perhaps not centrally mediated. Thus the results provide support for the use of the plant in relieving pain and fever among the natives in rural areas. Keywords: Flueggea virosa; Phytochemicals; Pain; Analgesic; Toxicity.
Assessment of the rational use of selected antibacterial drugs (amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole and metronidazole) in Kampala International University Teaching and Kitagata Hospitals.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences- Western Campus, 2011-05) Musinguzi, Mercy
Backgrmmd: More than 50% of all medicines are irrationally used in the world. Rational use of medicines (RUM) means that the right patient receives the right drug, in the right dose, for the right duration, and at the lowest cost for him/her and the community. In a nutshell treatment must follow the standard treatment guidelines of that area. In this case Uganda, the Uganda Clinical Guidelines for treatment of Common Infections is used. The problem of rational use is even most dire with antibacterial drugs, especially commonly used ones where resistance is ever grow mg. Purpose of study: To assess whether amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole and metronidazole are rationally used in KlUTH and Kitagata hospital Methods: Prescriptions from each hospital containing the above antimicrobial therapy were analysed to find fi·equency of adherence to STGs by prescribers as a measure of rational use. Other indictors of rational use such as generic name use and definitive diagnosis such as laboratory testing were measured. Questionnaires were used to assess knowledge and frequency of use of STGs. Results: From KlU-TH 7£.4•% of prescription were in accordance with STGs, KITAGATA recorded 57.1% of these drugs were prescribed in accordance with STGs. 9.£% of respondents from KIU used Laboratory diagnosis always, from Kitagata only £% reported this. Conclusions: IUU-TH had higher rates of rational use of antibiotics compared to Kitagata hospital. Cotrimoxazole had the highest rates of rational use. STGs play an important role in promoting rational use of antibacterials.
A Study of Treatment and Management Procedures of Peptic Ulcers in Hospitals in Bushenyi District.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Science., 2011-06) Khatib, Ahmed Ali
Peptic ulcers is one of the common diseases affecting both men and women. It is a non racial. worldwide disorder which has no significant preference rate for sex, season or culture. Most esnmates suggest that between 5% and I 0% of the general population will develop a peptic ulcer during their lifetime. Peptic ulcer bleeding is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. A cross sectional prospective and descriptive study was carried out the in three hospitals located Bushenyi district, western Uganda to study management and treatment procedures of peptic ulcers disease. The data was collected by use of self-administered questionnaires consisting of both open and close ended questions which was subjected to analysis using SPSS and EPI-info. The goals of management are to control any active bleeding and prevent re-bleeding and then to heal the ulcer and prevent its recurrence. Initial management strategies are guided by the patient's clinical condition and endoscopic findings. Thus, treatment may consist of endoscopic and medical therapy and, sometimes, surgery. Control of acid secretion, preferably with proton pump inhibitor therapy in the initial management continues to evolve; it has also been used as both an adjunct to endoscopic therapy and as primary treatment. The long-term management of patients with peptic ulcer, after the initial bleeding episode, should include patient stratification based upon risk factors for ulcer recurrence (i.e. Helicobacter pylori infection, use of aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Elimination or modification of these risk factors reduces the risk of ulcer recurrence and, hence, of recurrent ulcer bleeding. KEY WORDS: Peptic ulcel"s, effective management, endoscopy thempy, antibiotics, p•·oton pump inhibitors.
Assessment of Prescribing Attitudes and Practices Among Recognized Prescribers in KIUTH and Kitagata Hospital.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences., 2011-08) Ileta, Nelson John
Background: Prescription practice is health care service implemented by a physician or other medical practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient; prescription practice may include orders to be performed by a patient caretaker, nurse, pharmacist or other therapist. Prescription is physician's order for the preparation and administration of a drug or device for a patient. A prescription has several parts. They include the superscription or heading with the symbol "R" or "Rx", which stands tor the word recipe (meaning, in Latin, to take). Prescription errors are becoming the major problem in many countries and drug resistance to medication is increasing in the world, impacting infection control effects and cost. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KlUTH), and Kitagata hospital in Bushenyi District of Uganda. 105 recognized prescribers were randomly selected. Results: It was noted that majority of the respondent 96(91%) said they are aware and are applying the prescription rules while the rest 9(9%) said they are not aware and are practicing prescription rule.
Phytochemical Screening, Quantification and the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Methanolic Extract of Ocimum Gratissimum Leaves.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences., 2012-04) Rugalabamu, Felister
New Combination Methods of Detecting Drug Interaction and Monitoring Adverse Drug Reactions in "Close System Pharmacy".
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences., 2012-04) Nsooli, Oliver
Pharmacovigilance is an essential phenomenon in the rational use of medicine, providing information about ADR in general population. Tracking ADR in" close system pharmacy" which has relied on use of yellow forms and feed back following exposure to drugs has been inadequate. Alternative methods are therefore required. In the present study, the use of a combination of two methods to determine possible interactions prior to dispensing and adverse drug reactions following exposure to drugs was evaluated using computer software and mobile phone technology. Two hundred and thirty randomly selected prescriptions were evaluated and carried a total of 660 drugs. Antibiotics (34%), analgesics(23%), vitamin(l4.1 %) and antimalarials(? .I%) drugs were most commonly prescribed to the patients enrolled in the study. Prescriptions of atleast 3 drugs occurred in 152 patients with 32.6% ofthese patients exposed to exactly 3 drugs. Using Medscape software for drug interaction, 99(43%) prescriptions of 230 had interactions detected; (minor in 33, significant in 57 and a mix of both in 9). All patients enrolled carried at least one mobile phone with a service provider from four available in the region. Mean Effective contact ratio was 0.92 for drug reaction monitoring in the patients for fourteen days. Of the 230 patients monitored drug reaction was reported in 48%. Within the period of study, no yellow form was recorded in the hospital. No A b/2. ""o.-.s d<~-~ fTofn the r.epoy Jed. reacA lms · The finding from_ this suggests that use of soft ware service monitor for possible drug interactions and mobile phones presents a better compliment to use of yellow forms for tracking ADR monitoring in hospital setting.
Use of Mobile Phones for Monitoring Adverse Drug Reactions in "Open System Pharmacy" in Ishaka, Bushenyi District.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences., 2012-04) Babirye, Jackie
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are significant causes of morbidity and mortality and may cause many hospitalizations leading to large economic burdens to patients and to society. Postmarketing surveillance offers assessment of drug released to the market in different categories of people, other than those in whom the drug was tested. However dmg reactions are currently little or not monitored from the open system pharmacy comprising of community pharmacies and drug stores. This study evaluates the use of mobile phone technology to report ADRs following drug exposure in Ishaka municipality. Purchase of medicines was actively monitored for 8 weeks in two community pharmacies (CP) and five drug stores. Information on experience of drug reactions was obtained by mobile telephone from 190 clients who purchased medication during the 8 week period. A total of 420 drugs were purchased during the period. Antibiotics (35%), analgesics (20.5%) and antimalarials (7.1%) were the most frequently purchased medicines. Clients without prescriptions were 55.8% .The response to mobile phone monitoring of reactions to drugs was 96% in the first 24 hours (day 1) after purchase and decreased to 89.5% by day 4. 404 different incidences of drug reactions were reported by 108 (56.8%) participants followed up using mobile phone. There were no dmg reactions reported on day 7 and day 14. All the reactions were examined and classified as side effects of the drugs. There were no ADRs reported. 34% of the participants bought single drugs whereas 66% purchased more than one dmg. Of those who purchased more than one drug, drug interactions occurred in 24.8%. Of the different reactions reported, gastrointestinal (GIT) disturbances occurred more frequently ( 44.1 %) followed by central nervous system (CNS) effects (10.2%). There was no method of reporting drug reactions existing in the outlets examined. The findings from this study indicate that monitoring of drug reactions is essential in the system. Respondents were clearly willing to report any reaction to the drugs and the availability of a toll-free telephone line would facilitate pharmacovigilance and follow up of response to medicines in a resource-poor setting.
Retrospective assessment of the Opportunistic Infections among HIV/AIDS Patients Attending Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences., 2012-04) Mwandah, Daniel Chans
BACKGROUND People with advanced HIV I AIDS are vulnerable to infections and malignancies that are called opportunistic infections because they have a weakened immune system. Opportunistic infections continue to cause morbidity and mortality in patients with Human Immune Deficiency Virns (HIV)-1 infection. Some Ois only affect women or affect women more than men.Potent combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced the incidence of Ols for certain patients with access to care. However, certain patients in the developed and developing world do not have access to care and have Ois. OBJECTIVE To assess the occurrence of opportunistic infections among HIV I AIDS patients attending Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. METHODS A retrospective study covering the period of February 2011 to December 2011. Slovin's formula of sample size determination was used. The population size was 15,000 people, the calculated sample size was 390 people, However this sample size was small and thus was increased to a 1500 and every 1 O'h file was selected. RESULTS 65% females, 35% were males, married (55%), divorced (7%), 22% single, 16% widowed; 20% for WHO stage!, 5% for stage2, 4% for stage3, 8% for stage4. 39% had diarrhea, 28% missing OI, 7% had cryptococcosis, 6% had oral candidiasis, 5% tuberculosis and vaginal candidiasis, 4% herpes zoster, while 3% had herpes simplex, 2% had genital warts and 1% had esophageal candidiasis. Metronidazole and ciprofloxacin were most used drngs, others were nystatin suspension, fluconazole, amphotericin, acyclovir were represented by 5% of the total treatment, 3% represented nystatin pessaries, DOTS and vitamin B complex, 2% for clotrimazole cream and amitryptiline and 1% podophyllum resin. 72% of patients were on HAART, 27% on PreART and 1% on trnvada. CONCLUSION The highest percentage of patients with Ois were from WHO clinical stage one and this could me an important indicator to avoid these 0 Is by careful monitoring of patients in this stage. The drngs most commonly used for the Ois were metronidazole and ciprofloxacin for diarrhea and this call for more procurement of these drngs, so that they are readily available to treat the patients, however proper diagnosis should be done to establish the exact causative agent before treatment. The female gender had the highest percentage as compared to men, similarly, Married had the highest incidence as compared to the divorced thus the married require the health education about fidelity and faithfulness as a method to prevent more problems. The patients on HAART whose combinations contained a protease inhibitor had the lowest incidence of opportunistic infections.
Assessment of the quality and dissolution profiles of branded fixed dose artemether/ lumefantrine tablets sold at pharmacies in Kampala- Uganda
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences- Western Campus, 2012-04) Kidega, Francis Kimong
This study was done to evaluate the physicochemical properties, quality control parameters and the dissolution profiles of circulating samples of artemether/lumefantrine sold at Pharmacies in Kampala. The physicochemical parameters and assay of thirteen ( 13) brands of the products were assessed through the evaluation of uniformity of tablet weight, friability test, disintegration test and assay of active pharmaceutical ingredients according to established methods. The dissolution rate was determined according to the USP SALMOUS Standard. All brands complied with official requirements for uniformity of weight and friability. The disintegration time had higher time in artificial gastric medium relative to distilled water. Evaluation of content of active ingredients revealed that 38.5 percent of tested samples were failing test for assay. With the exception of three brands, all the brands complied with the requirements for dissolution test. Overall, 54 percent of the brands conformed to all the compendia specifications and 46 percent were substandard. Future studies should test for a greater number of samples per batch, aim at comparing dissolution profile in various biological medium and investigate reasons for poor dissolution performance of some brands.
Phytochemical screening, quantification, and fractionation of aqueous methanolic extract of spathodea campanulata stem bark
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2012-04) Aboda, A. Komakech
Plants produce a good deal of secondary metabolites which have benefited mankind in various ways including treatment of diseases. The present study was carried out to identify and isolate the different phytochemicals present inS. campanulata stem bark aqueous methanolic extract, to quantify these phytochemicals, and to identify different fractions of the extract of S. campanulata. The study carried out was an experimental one, done at Kampala International University Western Campus (KIU-WC), Bushenyi, Uganda. Result from the phytochemical studies indicated the presences of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and phlobatannins. It is indicated that there was a slight different in the yield of infochemicals in the aqueous methanolic extract of S. campanulata stem bark. The pecrcentage yields of phytochemicals were as follows: alkaloids 14.26%, flavonoids 18.22%, tannins 22.70%, and saponins 36.84%. The mobile phases 4:1 and 1:1 eluted fewer compounds than 1 :4. Since the mobile phase of hexane/methanol= 1 :4 gave a good separation and eluted more compounds than the other mobile phases, the plates from this mobile phase were used for analysis. Spathodea campanulata stem bark aqueous methanolic extract contains tannins, saponins flavonoids, and alkaloids compounds. Further studies should be done to determine the therapeutic and/or pharmacological activities of the phytochemicals.
Study of anti-bacterial properties of carica papaya unripe fruit extract on bacterial isolates from patients' wounds in KIU-Teaching Hospital
(Kampala International University(KIU), 2013) Ismail, Ntale; Ismail, Ntale
Trend analysis and therapeutic management of mental disorders in central and eastern Uganda between 1970-2005
(Kampala International University(KIU), 2013) Nakimbugwe, Sarah; Nakimbugwe, Sarah
The consequence of political and bloody civil strives in Uganda exposed people to health damaging psychological. physical. chemical. biological and mechanical stressors. with estimated 35% Ugandan suffering from some form or mental disorders. There is dearth of in formation on the impact on the trend evolution and pattern or mental disorders in the two regi ons. This study aims to determine the epidemiology of mental disorders and their patterns of presentation in Eastern and Central Uganda with a view to assess the impact of the civil wars on the incidence of these disorders. It also aims in addition to evaluate the therapeutic management of these disorders in the selected regions. A retrospective assessment of case files of inpatients and outpatient records was carried our between the period of 1970 and 2005 in the four selected referral hospitals in the two selected regions of East and Central Uganda. Structured questionnaires were be used to collect complementary information and data from the mental health workers at the facility. A trend analysis was conducted on the data col lected using statistical programme(SPSS) A total of698 patients were enrolled in the study (314 from central and 384 from Eastern region). All patients enroll ed \\ere between age 1-86. Patient with mental disorder in Eastern were significantly young than those from Central.( P-0.007) Before the civi l wars ( 1970-1979) the ce ntral region had twice the number or mental disorders compared to the eastern region which reversed over the period of war and post even. Monotherapy was mostly used in the eastern region whi·le combination therapy was mainly used in the central region. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) and haloperidol (HA) were the mostly used drug in combinations. Artene was mostly given with CPZ and HA. From this study, eastern region had more people suffering from the mental di so rders compared to the central region and v\ere mostly young (25-39.9). Generally in the two regions the males had the highest number of mental disorders compared to the females. Central region had the highest number of mental disorder cases before and during the war while eastern region had the highest number of mental disorder cases immediately alter V\ar and the beginning of the millennium.
Analysis of different animal feeds in Uganda markets and their haematological and biochemical roles in male wistar rats
(Kampala International University(KIU), 2013) Atim, Sharon
Composition analyses of some animal feeds and their effects on body weight, biochemistry Ann haematology of female wistar rats
(Kampala International University; School of Health Sciences, 2013-03) Gasana, K. Esther
Nutrition is a prime contributor to good health. The six basic nutrients of the animal body include; proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water• which are macronutrients plus minerals and vitamins -micro nutrients; these must be availed in a given diet. The aim of the study was to observe the changes in physical, biochemical and hematological parameters as a result of feeding female wistar rats with 5 different animal feed type’s tor 12 weeks. Thirty female wistar rats were used in the study; separated into five equal groups (n=6). The total cholesterol, triglyceride, ASAT, ALAT, GGT, ALB, creatinine, PCV, HGB, WBCs and the deferential, RBCs, MCH. MCV, MCHC levels assayed in the blood samples; serum electrolyte levels also measured. This study was carried out in two centers: Kampala International university-Western campus Phantasy laboratory in lshaka-Bushenyi Uganda and Kabale regional hospital .TCRC laboratory in South-western Uganda. This experimental study was carried out between October 2012 and February 2013. The different needs did not significantly aftect ALAT, ASAT, and ALP; It also did not affect the electrolytes (Na+, K+, CT ) , serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and creatinine : however, a significant increase in serum urea was noted in animals in all the 5 feed groups while serum albumin levels were significantly increased in animals feel on the other 4 feed types as compared to the albumin levels of animals in control group(NUVITA®) The feeds did not significantly affect the HGB, WBC. RBC, PCV, Platelets, MCH, MCHC, MCV levels and WBC differential counts; however increase in WBC (ll.38±I.3xl03/UL) in animals ted on S&W feeds, while thrombocytopenia(PLT=385.4±l.5x!03/mm3) in animals fed on RP feeds were noted. This study result has provided clear information on the effects of 5 animal feed types on the physical, hematological, and biochemical parameters in female wistar rats. It has also clearly defined the proximate composition of the five teed types used in the study that may be used as a guide to improve animal feed formulations and avail cheaper, accessible alternative rat feeds.
Comparative physicochemical, phytochemical and acute toxicity studies of Ocimum Gratissimum and Ocimum Suave Species in Western Uganda
(Kampala International University; School of Health Sciences, 2013-03) Naluwuge, Annet
Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum suave belong to the family lamiaceae. Folkore medicine claims their use in many conditions. Leaves of 0 gratissimum and 0 suave were extracted in aqueous methanol by maceration, extract was filtered and evaporated using the rotary evaporator and dried to a constant weight in an oven. Phytochemical analysis was carried out to determine the active constituents and Quantification tests were carried out to obtain the amount of phytochmicals in each extract. Standard procedures were used to determine the physicochemical properties of the two leaves. Acute toxicity studies were evaluated on laboratory rats, aiming at ascertaining the acute toxicity profile of the two leaves extract. This research is expected to contribute to the knowledge of acute toxicity of 0 gratissimum and 0 suave and their physicochemical and phytochemical composition.
Acute toxicity and histological study of Nalongo's renal/hepatic disorder potion in rats
(Kampala International University, School of Pharmacy, 2014-02) Onyango, George F.
The history of use of herbal medicine dates back to more than 4000 years. A wide range of plants have been utilized for treatment of multiple disorders of the liver. The utilization has been as extracts of single plants and also compound preparations of more than one-plant type. Herbal medicine has been categorically employed for a variety of medical problems and modern trends have helped in extracting the active ingredients which have been classed into many chemical groups such as alkaloids. glycosidcs. resins and tannins. Africa is faced by a '·double burden" of communicable and non communicable diseases (NCD), the latter of which includes kidney diseases. Kidney disease means the kidneys arc damaged and can no longer remove wastes and extra water from the blood as they should. Kidney damage is most often caused by diabetes or high blood pressure. \vhereas liver disease refers to a type of damage to or disease of the liver. such as is seen in hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). alcoholic liver disease (due to excess consumption of alcohol). fatty liver disease (hepatic stenosis), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (associated with obesity), liver cancer, among many others. Liver and kidney problems afflict many people in the \\orld at large and particularly in lJganda the death toll due to kidney problems seems to be on the rise according to data published by the WHO in 2011, due to lack of specialized syslcms to diagnose and manage patients with kidney and liver problems early. Herbal remedies have proven beneficial to several patients with liver and kidney disorders, yet 1hc main stream medical practice does not put much emphasis on such findings. This was an cxpc!·imental study that involved the testing of Nalongo's renal/hepatic disorder potion for acute and sub-chronic toxicity on rats and histological effects on various organs; liver. kidney. heart intestine. lungs. The study was conducted at Mbarara and Bushenyi Districts. The extract tested positive for terpenoids. saponins. tannins. llavonoids. diterpenes and phenolic compounds. There \\as no mortality observed during acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies, suggesting a relatively high safety margin of the extract on experimental animals. However, some pathological changes \\,ere noted in tissues of the heart, liver and intestines of the experimental animals. As such. recommendations arc that. more work needs to be carried out to ascertain the efficacy and dosing regimen of the potion, whilst machinery needs to be put in place by the relevant authorities to moderate use of herbal products in Uganda.
Common side effects and adverse drug reactions associated with herbal products in Bushenyi district
(A research report submitted to the School of Pharmacy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Bachelor of Pharmacy of Kampala International University, 2014-02) Mutumba, Muzamiru
A cross sectional study was conducted in Bushenyi district to review the side effects, adverse effects and the process of collecting herbal medicines between September 2013 and February 2014. The study found out that traditional herbs were being widely used in Bushenyi district in the treatment of malaria, cough, vaginal dryness, abdominal cramps, erectile dysfunction and fevers most frequently than other conditions. The study also found that the most common side effects were nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and headache reported by 12% of the respondents while of the respondents who reported adverse effects. Were 3(1.6%) 1.63% of the respondents reported that they were combining the herbal products with the conventional medicines. The study concluded that; the use of traditional herbs in Bushenyi was associated with various side effects, that very few respondents did experience life threatening adverse effects with the use of traditional herbs in Bushenyi district. That most respondents were exclusively using herbal medicines alone especially for the treatment of common community ailment and inally that the process of collecting herbal drugs in Bushenyi was crude and did not follow standard guidelines The study recommended that the government of Uganda should integrate traditional herbal medicines into the National health system in combination with National policy and regulation for products, practices and providers in order to ensure safety and quality; the use of safe, effective and quality products and practices, based on available evidence; acknowledge herbal medicines as part of primary health care and should ensure patient care by upgrading the skills and knowledge of herbalists. The government should also make provision, for research into herbal medicines since WHO fully recognizes herbal medicines as part of the health care system. And inally that the national drug authority should train the herbalists on scienti ic methods of collecting herbs.
The effect of extract of aloe vera on ischemia-reperfusion induced Mucosa injury in the rat
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2014-03) Richard, Kambugu
Aloe vera is one of the many herbal remedies used in Uganda for the treatment of a wide range of illness ranging from trauma/ wounds to infections even for cosmetic purposes. The research in to its protective role on ischemia induced gastric ulcers was aimed at establishing and confirming its reported efficacy on peptic ulcers, time of onset of action and time taken for an optimum therapeutic response. This research investigated the extent of aloe vera's protective properties which were compared with the therapeutic effects of an anti histamine ( ranitidine). The phytoextracts (mucilage) of the plant was administered to the test subjects orally by a cunnula immediately prior to ulcer induction, thereafter the subjects were sacrificed and stomach contents examined macroscopically by hand lens. The histopathological data was collected appropriately compiled and computed using a combination of textual, diagrammatic and graphical representations. This data showed that aloe vera was effective in the prevention of peptic ulcers. Using a series of statistical tools to ascertain the relevancy of the findings.
Investigation of anti-hyperglyceamic properties of the aqueous extract of green peel of Musa Acuminata Nakitembe cultivar
(Kampala International University.school of health science, 2015) Mwesigwa, Wilson
The objective of this research was to investigate the anti-hyperglyceamic properties of the aqueous extract green peel of (Banana) musa acuminata 'nakitembe cultivar' in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The extract used was obtained from the green banana dried and photochemical analysis and acute toxicity study carried out. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes in experimental albino Rats at a dose of 140mg/kg body weight. After three days, the animals blood sugar levels was tested and those with BS above 7mmol/l were selected for the study. One group was the normal control with normal BS levels. Group I was normal control treated with nonnal saline, Group II was diabetic control treated with normal saline 2mllkg body weight. Group III and IV recieved extract at a dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight. Group V was treated with standard drug insulin at a dose of 0.03JU/kg body weight. The animals were treated daily and BS was determined every after three days. The project was carried out for 15 days. Blood for testing BS levels was obtained from tail vein. Results; Photochemical analysis revealed presence of saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, cardiac glycoside, alkaloids. steroids and terpenoids. The extract showed no signs of toxicity such as salivation, diarrhoea, depression, stimulation, vomiting, and comma and there was no mortality observed up to a dose of 4000mg/kg. Administration of the extract to GROUP III and GROUP IV did not show any significant changes blood sugar levels as compared to that of GROUP V which received the standard :!rug insulin. Conclusion; At the doses investigated, the aqueous extract of the green banana peel did not possess; significant anti-hyperglycemic effect. However it contains photochemical which have antioxidant Jropetiies useful in preventing complication brought about by •glucose toxicity in diabetic patients. The lavonoid content possess significant effect on normalization of serum creatinine level and lowering of and relative weight of liver, indicating possible presence of kidney and liver protective property. The ,green banana peels have an added advantage thus diabetic patients should continue boiling the banana with the peels.
Evaluation of the effects of lumefantrine component of coartem on electrical conductivity of the heart in patients taking coartem in management of uncomplicated malaria in KIU-th Bushenyi district
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2015-02) Phiona, Babirye
Background: Approximately 2.37 billion people Jive in areas at risk for transmission Of pfalciparum malaria, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa (Hay, et al., 2009). Combination Artemether/Lumefantrine (Coartem, Riamet, and Falcynate-LF) is a fixed dose Artemisininbased combination therapy (ACT) indicated for the treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium Jalciparum malaria. It is an effective and well tolerated treatment providing high cure rates even in areas with multi-drug resistance. Cardiac effect on electrical conductivity in terms of QTc prolongation and arrhythmias remains a matter of worry (Lefevre, et al., 2001). Aim: Several unrelated drugs have pro-arrhythmic activity associated with an ability to prolong the QTinterval of the Electrocardiogram just as proved for Halofantrine (Nosten, et al., 1993). Lumefantrine has some chemical similarities to Halofantrin, (Jatakiya,et al.,2014),an antimalarial known for QTc prolongation and due to their structural similarities, also the cardiac effect on electrical conductivity of the heart by Lumefantrine remains a matter of debate in therapeutics. This research aimed at evaluating the effects of Lumefantrine component of coartem on electrical conductivity of the heart in patients taking coartem in management of malaria in KIU-TH Bushenyi District. Method: The research was a quantitative prospective random study. Safety assessment was done by monitoring vital signs, blood pressure, Heart rate and monitoring of Electrical conductivity. Electrocardiograms were recorded before dosing and after the fifth dose. The QT interval and Heart rate were used to calculate QTc interval using Bazett's formula QTc=QT/RR112.The QTc interval as the response variable was compared between treatments. Results; In the baseline electrocardiograms the QTc intervals were normal There was no clinically relevant differences in the QTc intervals observed after sequential administration Of Artemether/Lumefantrine(Coartem). No significant observation suggestive of cardiotoxicity was noted in the study. Conclusion; The alternative hypothesis stating that Artemether /Lumefantrine possesses significant effect on electrical conductivity of the heart has not been supported by the results obtained in this study. Artemether/Lumefantrine can be used as a therapeutic option with likely better

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