Bachelor of Pharmacy

Permanent URI for this collection

https://testir.kiu.ac.ug/handle/20.500.12306/8193

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 51

Acute toxicity and histological study of Nalongo's renal/hepatic disorder potion in rats
(Kampala International University, School of Pharmacy, 2014-02) Onyango, George F.
The history of use of herbal medicine dates back to more than 4000 years. A wide range of plants have been utilized for treatment of multiple disorders of the liver. The utilization has been as extracts of single plants and also compound preparations of more than one-plant type. Herbal medicine has been categorically employed for a variety of medical problems and modern trends have helped in extracting the active ingredients which have been classed into many chemical groups such as alkaloids. glycosidcs. resins and tannins. Africa is faced by a '·double burden" of communicable and non communicable diseases (NCD), the latter of which includes kidney diseases. Kidney disease means the kidneys arc damaged and can no longer remove wastes and extra water from the blood as they should. Kidney damage is most often caused by diabetes or high blood pressure. \vhereas liver disease refers to a type of damage to or disease of the liver. such as is seen in hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). alcoholic liver disease (due to excess consumption of alcohol). fatty liver disease (hepatic stenosis), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (associated with obesity), liver cancer, among many others. Liver and kidney problems afflict many people in the \\orld at large and particularly in lJganda the death toll due to kidney problems seems to be on the rise according to data published by the WHO in 2011, due to lack of specialized syslcms to diagnose and manage patients with kidney and liver problems early. Herbal remedies have proven beneficial to several patients with liver and kidney disorders, yet 1hc main stream medical practice does not put much emphasis on such findings. This was an cxpc!·imental study that involved the testing of Nalongo's renal/hepatic disorder potion for acute and sub-chronic toxicity on rats and histological effects on various organs; liver. kidney. heart intestine. lungs. The study was conducted at Mbarara and Bushenyi Districts. The extract tested positive for terpenoids. saponins. tannins. llavonoids. diterpenes and phenolic compounds. There \\as no mortality observed during acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies, suggesting a relatively high safety margin of the extract on experimental animals. However, some pathological changes \\,ere noted in tissues of the heart, liver and intestines of the experimental animals. As such. recommendations arc that. more work needs to be carried out to ascertain the efficacy and dosing regimen of the potion, whilst machinery needs to be put in place by the relevant authorities to moderate use of herbal products in Uganda.
Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Aqueous Leaf Extract of Erlangea Tomentosa
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences- Western Campus, 2018-12) Muhwana, Isaac
Erlangea tomentosa is been used traditionally in the management of several diseases including pain and inflammation. However, their efficacy has not been scientifically validated. The aim of this study therefore is to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous leaf extract. The plant materials were collected from Rukararwe Eco centre, Bushenyi district in Uganda. The oral median lethal dose (LDso) in mice was determined using Lorke's method. Analgesic activity was determined by the use of acetic acid-induced writhing test. A writhe was recorded by a stopwatch following the stretching of the abdomen and/or stretching of at least one hind limb. A total of 4 groups of 5 mice per group were considered for determination of analgesic activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was established by a carrageenan induced inflammation test in rats. Hourly changes in paw sizes and reduction of edema around the paw was determined using a vernier calipers for four hours after extract and drug administration. A total of 4 groups of 5 rats per group were considered for determination of anti-inflammatory activity. Acetylsalicylic acid was administered as the reference drug in both studies. The LD50 value of the aqueous leaf extract of Erlangea tomentosa was found to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg in mice. The aqueous leaf extract of Erlangea tomentosa reduced pain due to acetic acid significantly (p<0.05) at doses of 500 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg. The inflammation due to carrageenan was also significantly (p<0.05) reduced mostly at dose of 500 mglkg body weight. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, saponins, tannins and resins. Based on these findings it was concluded that the present study has demonstrated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous leaf extract of Erlangea tomentosa in experimental animals and thus validates the folkloric use of the plant. This plant may also serve as a good bio-resource tor generating readily available herbal formulations that are more effective in the treatment of pain and inflammation
Analysis of different animal feeds in Uganda markets and their haematological and biochemical roles in male wistar rats
(Kampala International University(KIU), 2013) Atim, Sharon
Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of staphylococcus aureus to methillicin in clinical samples at kid teaching Hospital.
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2016-02) Janet, Nalwoga
Back ground: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive bacteria that exists on the skin as nonnal flora. It is classified as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) where MRSA resistant to beta lactam antibiotics. MRSA has become a predominant pathogen in the health care system causing outbreaks within the communities and hospitals. The infection risk of mortality and increases morbidity. Objective: To determine the prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples at KID-teaching hospital, Ishaka Methods: This was a cross sectional and descriptive study can Tied out for three months in the surgical ward. Patients admitted to the surgical ward with wound were included in the study after obtaining consent. Wound swabs were collected and taken to KIU-WC Microbiology laboratory where culturing, identification of S. aureus, determination of MRSA using oxacilin and antibiotics susceptibility were performed. Results: Of 114 total isolates 75(65.8%) were S.aureus isolates of which 64(85.3%) were coagulase. Of the coagulase positive S .aureus 61(81.3%) were identified to be MRSA. All the MRSA isolates were resistant to e1ythromycin, and susceptible to cloxacillin, ceftriaxone and vancomycin and intermediate sensitivity was produced reaction. Conclusion: This study showed presence of Staphylococcus aureus was among two thirds of the patients in the surgical ward and a high percentage was resistant. The prevalence of MRSA was56.1% among the Staphylococcus aureus isolates. MRSA isolates were very sensitive to vancomycin, ceftriaxone and cloxacillin Prevalence, treatment, and gametocyte Carriage in children with malaria at Ishaka Adventist hospital
Antioxidant activity of the Ethanolic extracts of leaves of Amaranth spp and cucurbita spp in drosophila melanogaster
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2018-12) Johnmark, Ndinawe
Background: Several plants show potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties, and their role in preventing oxidative stress-induced diseases such as Diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and many others. Objective: In this study, the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extracts of leaves of Amaranth spp and Cucurbita spp and their ability to protect against oxidative stress in Drosophila mel ana gaster w1 1 18wild type flies was determined. Materials and Methods: Flies cultured on food supplemented with 0.05 and O.lmg/ml of Amaranth spp and Cucurbita spp leaf extracts were assayed for longevity, climbing activity, catalase activity, and oxidative stress resistance according to the established protocols. Scavenging activity of extracts on 2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) and reducing power activity were equally evaluated. Results: There were significant effects of the extracts on DPPH free radical scavenging activity, catalase activity, climbing activity, longevity and oxidative stress resistance. Cucurbita extract showed no significant difference in climbing activity and catalase activity assay compared to the control. Conclusion: This study shows that the ethanol extracts of leaves of Amaranth spp and Cucurbita spp exhibit varying degrees of protection against free radical induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster.
Assessing undergraduate students' motivation to study pharmacy, attitudes and future career professional choices in universities of Uganda
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences- Western Campus, 2018-12) Mugabo, Eddy
Background: One of the contributing factor to the shortage of health professionals especially in Pharmacy, is the small number of people opting to enter the profession and it was seen that numerous factors and motivations influence the choice of a university course by young high school graduates. Objective: To assess undergraduate pharmacy students' motivation to study pharmacy, attitudes about the profession and future career professional choices in universities of Uganda. Methodology: The study was a cross- sectional descriptive study design and the study population included pharmacy students from all the three Universities in Uganda. A sample size of 278 participants was used. These were assessed using pre-validated questionnaires with several close ended and open ended questions and data collected from them was entered into SPSS, analyzed, and presented inform of tables, graphs and pie charts. Results: A greater number of the undergraduate students were aged between 23 - 25 years, 104(38.8%) and were mostly Fourth Year students 107(38.5%), 46.4% (129) of the students were from KIU, 26.6% (74) were fi·om Makerere University and 27%(75) were from Mbarara University. Male students were d:e majority 206(74.5%) and by religion Catholics were the majority 67(27.4%). Personal related reasons ranked low on motivation to study P)larmacy as only one reason out of the eleven factors li~ted (9.1 %) was a crucial motivating factor and that was, "Influence by a Pharmacist I know as a role model" 119 (44.2%). This showed studying MUST vs KIU, age 20-22 and 26-28 vs age above 28 was statistically significantly related to taking pharmacy as a first choice. Conclusion: In conclusion this study considers motivation as being either task or ego-oriented and considers extrinsic motivation to be more desirable and to result in better leaming outcomes than intrinsic motivation. The study also reveals good attitude towards pharmacy and shows that the theory of rational choice states was ap!Jlicable among KIU students since many took pharmacy hoping for certain outcomes such as e\)lployment and starting their own business. Also fits High Flyers and Life Style' Work-Life Balance Theory dmt is students are c?mmitted to pharmacy because their attitude towards qne's profession". Furthennore, the study reveals a significa:1t relationship between (lviUST andKIU ~tudents), and age (20-22 years and 26-28 years) and those above 28 years).
Assessment of antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas Aeru'ginosa, Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolates from Barn Swallow Droppings in Ishaka Town, Bushenyi District, Uganda.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences., 2017-12) Claudia, Janice Latabu
Introduction: It has been reported that the main factors behind the emergence of drug resistance is the use and misuse of antimicrobial drugs during the past few decades, but there is also the aspect of epidemic spread of drug-resistant bacteria as a factor. This has caused a major concern with serious implications in human and animal health. It's noted that as much as man's action contribute to the development of antimicrobial drug resistance, it is also seen with domestic animals, wild life and wild birds. Wild birds and other migratory species have been linked to the spread of pathogens. Materials and Methods: The study design was experimental where samples from Barn Swallow droppings were collected and taken to the microbiology laboratory for analysis. The samples were inoculated in an enriched broth media for 24 hours and sub-cultured on MacConkey agar Dcoxycholate citrate agar. Cultural characteristics, morphology (Gram reaction) and identification (biochemical test) was done to determine the identity of the bacterial isolates. Results: The study findings showed that bacteria species isolated from the 51 Barn Swallow droppings of were Klebsiella species 33(64.7%), Salmonella species 11(21.5%), Pseudomonas species 0%, others 3(5.9%) and no growth isolated from 4(7.8%) of the samples. The susceptibility test of showed that Klebsiella isolates were sensitive to Imipenem (93.9%) streptomycin (75.8%), Perfloxacin (42%), Nalidixic acid (12.1 %) and Amikacin (9%) respectively while Salmonella isolates were sensitive to Imipenem (81.8%), Streptomycin (36.4%). Nalidixic acid (36.4%) and Perfloxacin (18.2%) respectively. Klebsiella spp isolates were found to be 100% resistant to Gentamycin, Erythromycin, Piperacillin, Oxacillin, Augmentin and (90.9%) to Chloramphenicol while (87 .9%) to Nalidixic acid, Ciprof1oxacin and 84.8% to Amikacin. Salmonella species were also found to be 100% resistant to Gentamycin, Erythromycin, Piperacillin, Oxacillin, Augmentin and Amikacin; (81.8%) Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, while (63%) Nalidixic acid and Perfloxacin. Conclusion: This study found that Barn Swallow droppings contained bacteria (Salmonella sp. and Klebsiella sp.) that may be a risk to human infection and are found to be resistant to most of the commonly used antibiotics. The recurrence of human infection with Salmonella species may as a result of frequent contact with the pathogen which contaminates the environment and water as a result of the Barn Swallow droppings.
Assessment of health workers' adherence to standard treatment guidelines in management of typhoid fever at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital
(Kampala International University; School of Health Sciences, 2018-11) Katusiime, Judith
Typhoid fever remains a global health problem and it is difficult to estimate the real burden of typhoid fever in the world because the clinical picture is confused with many other febrile infections. Thus this study was aimed assessing health workers' adherence to standard treatment guidelines in the management of typhoid fever in KlU-TH. A retrospective study design was used which was quantitative in nature involving obtaining data from patient files. The study population were patients with typhoid fever attending at KIU-TH and a sample size 60 patients' files was used. Data was collected with help of the data sheet and entered into SPSS version 25, analyzed and presented in form of tables, graphs and pie-charts. The most commonly used medicine to treat typhoid fever was Ciprofloxacin tabs used in 34(56.7%) of the cases in files and the mostly used test for typhoid fever was WAT used in 31(51.7%) files used in this study and 29(48.3%) file cases RDT was used to test for typhoid fever. All cases that used Azithromycin tabs the prescribed dose was 500mg of which 2 cases their dose duration was 3 days and 3 used the dose duration of 5 days. Similarly all the cases where Ciprofloxacin tabs 500mg was the dose, where 26 cases used 10 days as the dose duration and 7 used 14 days as the dose duration. Whereas for Amoxicillin capsules 11 case files used a dose of 500mg and 5 used a dose lg, 6 cases used a dose duration of 5 days, 8 used a dose duration of 10 days and lastly 2 used a dose duration of 14 days. 3 cases that used Cefixine capsules used 1 g as their dose and 2 used 400mg as their dose, 4 used dose duration of 5 days and only 1 used a dose duration of 7 days. In conclusion, all medicines used by health workers that is Ciprofloxacin tablets, Amoxicillin capsules, Azithromycin tablets and Cefixine were recommended by WHO guidelines and UCG. The mostly used medicines was Ciprofloxacin tabs and Ciprofloxacin tablets was properly prescribed by mainly following UCG. Though tests used in diagnosis of typhoid fever that is WAT and RDT were neither recommended by WHO guidelines nor UCG. Regarding doses, all Azithromycin tabs doses were correctly prescribed though 80% of the dose duration's were not correct, Cefixine capsule was properly prescribed though 80% of duration's were wrong, Amoxicillin capsules doses was properly prescribed using UCG though 43.8% dose duration's were wrong according UCG.
Assessment of knowledge on use of Artemether Lumefantrine in management of uncomplicated malaria among outpatients at KIU-TH
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences- Western Campus, 2018-12) Kusiima, Jim
This study sought to assess the !mow! edge on the use of Artemether/ therapy in the management of uncomplicated malaria among out patients treated at KIU-TI-L A cross sectional study design was employed in this study. Data was collected from August to October 2018 using a questionnaire by simple Random sampling and was entered and analyzed using Microsoft Excel spread sheet and Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 respectively. The results were presented in form of tables, charts, graphs and Pearson Chi Square test were generated. The minimum and maximum age of the respondents was 0.5 and 55 respectively given that Skewness was greater than I. (1.043). The findings of the study have demonstrated that the patients' knowledge on use of ArtemetherLumefantrine for management of uncomplicated malaria is inadequate following key parameters of dosing time, duration of treatment, dietary recommendations and response to side effects. Ce1tain aspects which could affect proper use of the drug like knowledge on the possible side effects and what to do when they experience them, the AL dietary requirements and why they should not stop taking their drug even when they feel better before the treatment is over, what to do if they vomited any dose were not clearly understood by the patients. It was found out that patients' level of Education had no significant effect on their knowledge on use of AL. Other patient factors like Marital status, Patient occupation and the frequency of obtaining AL as OTC were not significantly associated with the knowledge expressed by the patients on AL. The major challenges to poor use in this setting were related to difficulties in following expected dosing schedule and most especially the time for the second close, time for completion of the dose, dietary recommendations and what is done when the drug is vomited which could be sorted out through improved counseling and patient Education on taking the medication by the dispenser or pharmacist. CONCLUSION: Patients did not have adequate knowledge on the dispensed drug and particularly on the dosing schedule and dietary recommendations associated with the use of AL. The patients' level of Education did not have a significant effect on the knowledge on use of AL expressed by the patients. This could imply that the quality of patient- service provider interaction and particularly counseling and emphasis on all issues pertaining the use of the dispensed drugs is weak. RECOMMENDATIONS: Re-train health workers particularly dispensers/pharmacists on the purpose of effective counseling on disease and treatment issues of the patients. Ensure that all first doses of AL be administered before the patient leaves the health facility. Set a follow up strategy of the patient to assess response to therapy at least after two days and solve any problems that may have resulted from treatment.
Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practice of contraceptive use among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at comboni hospital Kyamuhunga subcounty Bushenyi District.
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2018-12) Immaculate, Tuyisengye
Background: too many people (250 million) don't have the means to control their fertility and it was argued that doubling that modest investment in FP and maternal child health progrmes would result in a 70% reduction in maternal deaths and a 44% reduction in the deaths of newborns with additional health, societal and economic benefits. In Uganda there was a high unmet need for FP services of 41%. This study was aimed at assessing Knowledge, attitude and practices on use of contraceptives among pregnant mothers attending antenatal care services. Methodology: This study design used was a cross-sectional study from April to July 2018 was carried out at Comboni Hospital in the antenatal clinic. The study population consisted of pregnant women attending antenatal care services and a sample size of 70 participates was purposely considered. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and entered in SPSS version 25.0. Analyzed and presented in form tables and graphs. Results: Majority 26(37.1 %) didn't complete primary level, majority 28(40.0%) were protestant, a greater number 38(54.3%) were farmers, and 63(90.0%) were married. Majority 69(98.6%) had ever heard of birth controls or contraceptives and only 1(1.4%) had never heard of birth control or contraceptive. majority 46 (65.7%) perceived birth controls as necessary when delaying or tern1inating pregnancy and least 3(4.3%) were decided. majority 37(52.9%) had ever used birth control methods and 33(47.1 %) had never used birth control methods Conclusion, a high percentage of 98.6% had ever heard of birth controls or contraceptives and knowledge of contraceptives was seen as an essential factor associated with effective use of these methods. The commonest methods of family planning used were injections and pills. 67.1% had ever accessed family planning services from Health Centre and 65.7% got the information from radios. Finding information about birth controls and get family planning services were not found difficult. Birth controls were found to be necessary when delaying or terminating pregnancy and 71.4% of the respondents suggested talking health workers about selection methods of birth control. It was found that use birth control/contraception are beneficial as supported by 91.4% of women. Education level, marital status, Catholics,. Protestants and Private employees were seen to affect attitude towards women with high, the divorced were more likely use birth controls.
Assessment of Prescribing Attitudes and Practices Among Recognized Prescribers in KIUTH and Kitagata Hospital.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences., 2011-08) Ileta, Nelson John
Background: Prescription practice is health care service implemented by a physician or other medical practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient; prescription practice may include orders to be performed by a patient caretaker, nurse, pharmacist or other therapist. Prescription is physician's order for the preparation and administration of a drug or device for a patient. A prescription has several parts. They include the superscription or heading with the symbol "R" or "Rx", which stands tor the word recipe (meaning, in Latin, to take). Prescription errors are becoming the major problem in many countries and drug resistance to medication is increasing in the world, impacting infection control effects and cost. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KlUTH), and Kitagata hospital in Bushenyi District of Uganda. 105 recognized prescribers were randomly selected. Results: It was noted that majority of the respondent 96(91%) said they are aware and are applying the prescription rules while the rest 9(9%) said they are not aware and are practicing prescription rule.
Assessment of quality of Metropolitan tablet brands sold in Ishaka town pharmacies.
(Kampala international international: School of Health Sciences, 2018-12) Vicent, Man
In Uganda, there are different brands of metronidazole, each brand has its own formulation which affects the release and delivery of drug and produce variable clinical responses. So, there is a need for In-vitro analysis of different brands of metronidazole tablets. In this study, eight brands containing 200mg of metronidazole were purchased from ishaka town pharmacies. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of the different brands of metronidazole sold in Ishaka town pharmacies. The eight brands of metronidazole were tested for friability, weight variation, hardness/crushing strength, disintegration time and finally percentage assay. All tablet brands MET1, MET2, MET3, MET4, MET5, MET6, MET7 and MET8 passed the friability test, hardness test, weight variation test and assay. All brands passed the disintegration test except MET4. This study showed the importance of evaluating quality of metronidazole brands in the country
Assessment of the quality and dissolution profiles of branded fixed dose artemether/ lumefantrine tablets sold at pharmacies in Kampala- Uganda
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences- Western Campus, 2012-04) Kidega, Francis Kimong
This study was done to evaluate the physicochemical properties, quality control parameters and the dissolution profiles of circulating samples of artemether/lumefantrine sold at Pharmacies in Kampala. The physicochemical parameters and assay of thirteen ( 13) brands of the products were assessed through the evaluation of uniformity of tablet weight, friability test, disintegration test and assay of active pharmaceutical ingredients according to established methods. The dissolution rate was determined according to the USP SALMOUS Standard. All brands complied with official requirements for uniformity of weight and friability. The disintegration time had higher time in artificial gastric medium relative to distilled water. Evaluation of content of active ingredients revealed that 38.5 percent of tested samples were failing test for assay. With the exception of three brands, all the brands complied with the requirements for dissolution test. Overall, 54 percent of the brands conformed to all the compendia specifications and 46 percent were substandard. Future studies should test for a greater number of samples per batch, aim at comparing dissolution profile in various biological medium and investigate reasons for poor dissolution performance of some brands.
Assessment of the quality of fixed dose quinine sulfate tablets sold in Bushenyi based on the BP specifications
(Kampala International University, College of Economics and Management, 2019-05) Kandole, Richard
Assessment of the rational use of selected antibacterial drugs (amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole and metronidazole) in Kampala International University Teaching and Kitagata Hospitals.
(Kampala International University, School of Health Sciences- Western Campus, 2011-05) Musinguzi, Mercy
Backgrmmd: More than 50% of all medicines are irrationally used in the world. Rational use of medicines (RUM) means that the right patient receives the right drug, in the right dose, for the right duration, and at the lowest cost for him/her and the community. In a nutshell treatment must follow the standard treatment guidelines of that area. In this case Uganda, the Uganda Clinical Guidelines for treatment of Common Infections is used. The problem of rational use is even most dire with antibacterial drugs, especially commonly used ones where resistance is ever grow mg. Purpose of study: To assess whether amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole and metronidazole are rationally used in KlUTH and Kitagata hospital Methods: Prescriptions from each hospital containing the above antimicrobial therapy were analysed to find fi·equency of adherence to STGs by prescribers as a measure of rational use. Other indictors of rational use such as generic name use and definitive diagnosis such as laboratory testing were measured. Questionnaires were used to assess knowledge and frequency of use of STGs. Results: From KlU-TH 7£.4•% of prescription were in accordance with STGs, KITAGATA recorded 57.1% of these drugs were prescribed in accordance with STGs. 9.£% of respondents from KIU used Laboratory diagnosis always, from Kitagata only £% reported this. Conclusions: IUU-TH had higher rates of rational use of antibiotics compared to Kitagata hospital. Cotrimoxazole had the highest rates of rational use. STGs play an important role in promoting rational use of antibacterials.
Common side effects and adverse drug reactions associated with herbal products in Bushenyi district
(A research report submitted to the School of Pharmacy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Bachelor of Pharmacy of Kampala International University, 2014-02) Mutumba, Muzamiru
A cross sectional study was conducted in Bushenyi district to review the side effects, adverse effects and the process of collecting herbal medicines between September 2013 and February 2014. The study found out that traditional herbs were being widely used in Bushenyi district in the treatment of malaria, cough, vaginal dryness, abdominal cramps, erectile dysfunction and fevers most frequently than other conditions. The study also found that the most common side effects were nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and headache reported by 12% of the respondents while of the respondents who reported adverse effects. Were 3(1.6%) 1.63% of the respondents reported that they were combining the herbal products with the conventional medicines. The study concluded that; the use of traditional herbs in Bushenyi was associated with various side effects, that very few respondents did experience life threatening adverse effects with the use of traditional herbs in Bushenyi district. That most respondents were exclusively using herbal medicines alone especially for the treatment of common community ailment and inally that the process of collecting herbal drugs in Bushenyi was crude and did not follow standard guidelines The study recommended that the government of Uganda should integrate traditional herbal medicines into the National health system in combination with National policy and regulation for products, practices and providers in order to ensure safety and quality; the use of safe, effective and quality products and practices, based on available evidence; acknowledge herbal medicines as part of primary health care and should ensure patient care by upgrading the skills and knowledge of herbalists. The government should also make provision, for research into herbal medicines since WHO fully recognizes herbal medicines as part of the health care system. And inally that the national drug authority should train the herbalists on scienti ic methods of collecting herbs.
Comparative evaluation of the disintegrant properties of starch derived from Musa Acuminata (Matooke Banana) and Zea Mays (Maize) in pediatric paracetamol tablets
(Kampala International University; School of Health Sciences, 2016-06) Zeinab, Mohammed
The aim of the study was to formulate paracetamol tablets using starch from Musa acuminate matooke banana as disintegrant in paracetamol tab lets. Paracetamol tablets were produced by wet granulation method using Musa acuminate starch as disintegrant in concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% w/w in comparison with official corn starch. The physiochemical and material properties of starches and granules were evaluated and the properties of paracetamol tablets prepared by wet granulation using starches as endo -disintegrant were determined. The necessary official and non-official I tests were performed on the tablets and that include uniformity of tablets weight Disintegration hardness, friability tests and dissolution. The results show that the granules had a fair no''' and values obtained were within the specified limits for the production of fairly good quality tablets. The percentage deviations obtained from the tablet weight uniformity test were below 7.5%. Tablets disintegration time test friability test and hardness test con formed to the specifications.. The dissolution test also showed that all the tablets in all the batches had a good drug release profile.
A comparative pharmacopeial analysis of three brands of vitamin c tablets available in uganda pharmacies using bp 2009
(Kampala International University.school of health science, 2016-12) Nantongo, Rachel
Background: There has been a lot of report on fake drugs worldwide and Vitamin C is no exception. Aim: This study was aimed at investigating whether the selected brands of vitamin C meet their label specifications as well as the BP 2009. Materials and Methods: Three brands of Vitamin C were randomly selected in Pharmacies of Ishaka-Bushenyi Municipality, Bushenyi. A total of 20 tablets of each brand were chosen and used for this study. Mechanical evaluation on weights, disintegration, friability, hardness were conducted. Quantitative tests on dissolution and ascorbic acid assays as well as qualitative tests on thin layer chromatography and limit test were done using international protocols. Information was recorded in duplicates and analysis conducted using MS Excel :2007 Version and significance was measured at 95%. Results and Discussion: Vitamin C tablets used in this study showed weight variations. Because various brands are produced by different companies which use different excipients. Variations in the weights have to be optimized to improve on tablet strength and integrity and the percentage variation was less than ± 5% deviation as recommended by API and BP. Evaluation of the disintegration time showed that Brand B had the longest disintegration time and this affects drug bio-availability. Tablet dissolution was fastest in Brand C and Brand B had the greatest level of ascorbic acid which was well over the recommended 95% mark. The principal spot in the TLC obtained with the standard solution is similar in position, shape, and color intensity with that in the chromatogram obtained with the solutions for all the brands. No precipitation in all brands was detected against oxalic acid which is a common impurity of ascorbic acid. Conclusion and Recommendations: Vitamin C tablets on the Ugandan market exhibited varying phannaceutical properties thus raising major concerns for drug regulation to limit substandard drugs getting into the country.
Comparative pharmacopoeial analysis of three brands of Lidocaine 2°/O injection available in Uganda pharmacies
(Kampala International University; School of Health Sciences, 2016-06) Mengnemo, Humphrey
Background: Lidocaine, is an important anesthetic and anti-arrhythmic drug, widely used in medicine, at the same time a danger. The impurity 2, 6-xylidine is the starting material for its manufacture, degradation product of Lidocaine on storage and metabolite when administered. This study seeks to identify 3 brands of lidocaine in Uganda Pharmacies, assess level of impurity and drug content by a comparative pharmacopoeial chemical analysis. Aim: To do a comparative pharmacopoeial analysis of the selected brands of Lidocaine 2% injection in the volumes of 20ml that are within the shelf life of the drug and must be on the NDA approved list of Drugs in Uganda. Methods: Sample of each brand of Lidocaine was reacted and with 2ml of 10% cobalt II Chloride to form a greenish blue precipitate. Secondly, the melting point of a salt formed with picric acid was determine by capillary method. The colour intensity produced when samples reacted with 1% Pdimethyl amino benzaldehyde was compared with the standard 400pp 2, 6-DMA solution in 10 mi. A non-aqueous titration was performed with 5ml extract of each sample using crystal violet as indicator and 0.02M perchloric acid as titrant. Each ml of 0.02M HCL04 = 5.776mg of Lidocaine (BP, 2009). Results: All brands were identified to be lidocaine, with levels of2, 6-Dimethyl aniline less than 400ppm and drug concentration within the range 95 to 105% (BP, 2009). Conclusion: All brands of lidocaine complied with the pharmacopoeial standards.
Comparative physicochemical, phytochemical and acute toxicity studies of Ocimum Gratissimum and Ocimum Suave Species in Western Uganda
(Kampala International University; School of Health Sciences, 2013-03) Naluwuge, Annet
Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum suave belong to the family lamiaceae. Folkore medicine claims their use in many conditions. Leaves of 0 gratissimum and 0 suave were extracted in aqueous methanol by maceration, extract was filtered and evaporated using the rotary evaporator and dried to a constant weight in an oven. Phytochemical analysis was carried out to determine the active constituents and Quantification tests were carried out to obtain the amount of phytochmicals in each extract. Standard procedures were used to determine the physicochemical properties of the two leaves. Acute toxicity studies were evaluated on laboratory rats, aiming at ascertaining the acute toxicity profile of the two leaves extract. This research is expected to contribute to the knowledge of acute toxicity of 0 gratissimum and 0 suave and their physicochemical and phytochemical composition.

Browse

Browsing Bachelor of Pharmacy by Title

Results Per Page

Sort Options