Bachelor of Science in Pharmacology

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Assessment of effective use of anti epileptic drug therapy among patients at Kagando hospital
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2018-12) Kato, Lodrick
Assessment of knowledge on use of artemether lumefantrine in management of uncomplicated malaria among outpatients at KIU-TH
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2018-12) Kusiima, Jim
This study sought to assess the knowledge on the use of Artemether/ therapy in the management of uncomplicated malaria among out patients treated at KlU-TH. A cross sectional study design was employed in this study. Data was collected from August to October 2018 using a questionnaire by simple Random sampling and was entered and analyzed using Microsoft Excel spread sheet and Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20respectively. The results were presented in form of tables, charts, graphs and Pearson Chi Square test were generated. The minimum and maximum age of the respondents was 0.5 and 55 respectively given that Skewness was greater than I. ( 1.043). The findings of the study have demonstrated that the patients' knowledge on use of Artemether Lumefantrine for management of uncomplicated malaria is inadequate following key parameters of dosing time, duration of treatment, dietary recommendations and response to side effects. Certain aspects which could affect proper use of the drug like knowledge on the possible side effects and what to do when they experience them, the AL dietary requirements and why they should not stop taking their drug even when they feel better before the treatment is over, what to do if they vomited any dose were not clearly understood by the patients. It was found out that patients' level of Education had no significant effect on their knowledge on use of AL. Other patient factors like Marital status, Patient occupation and the frequency of obtaining AL as OTC were not significantly associated with the knowledge expressed by the patients on AL. The major challenges to poor use in this setting were related to difficulties in following expected dosing schedule and most especially the time for the second dose, time for completion of the dose, dietary recommendations and what is done when the drug is vomited which could be sorted out through improved counseling and patient Education on taking the medication by the dispenser or pharmacist. CONCLUSION: Patients did not have adequate knowledge on the dispensed drug and particularly on the dosing schedule and dietary recommendations associated with the use of AL. The patients' level of Education did not have a significant effect on the knowledge on use of AL expressed by the patients. This could imply that the quality of patient- service provider interaction and particularly counseling and emphasis on all issues pertaining the use of the dispensed drugs is weak. RECOMMENDATIONS: Re-train health workers particularly dispensers/ pharmacists on the purpose of effective counseling on disease and treatment issues of the patients. Ensure that all first doses of AL be administered before the patient leaves the health facility. Set a follow up strategy of the patient to assess response to therapy at least after two days and so live any problems that may have resulted from treatment.
Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices of pharmaco vigilance among health care practitioners at Kampala International University teaching hospital
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2018-05) Karekoona, Faisal
Pharmacovigilance encompasses all the scientific methods and reports that deal with detecting, assessing, monitoring, understanding and prevention of adverse drugs reactions. Reporting ADRs is one way of ensuring drugs safety of the drugs already on the market. Through these reports, new safety parameters and improvements of various medicines can be done and implemented. Monitoring medicines provides a better understanding of possible drugs effects. Also helps get information about medicines that may not have been detected during clinical trials. Adverse drugs reaction results in morbidity, mortality and increases hospital admission which affects the economy and health care systems. Health care professionals should consider ADR reporting as their professional duties to protect patients from adverse effects of medications. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of pharmacovigilance among health care practitioners at Kampala international university teaching hospital (KlUTH). Method: The study design was a prospective cross sectional study which involved the use of questionnaire to collect data. Collected data was gather and entered into excel spread, transfer into SPSS for analysis.
Assessment of rational prescribing in general outpatient Department of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Western Uganda
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2017) Wafula, Innocent Lam
Assessment of the chemical composition and pesticidal properties of cassia didymobotrya ash on myzus persicae affecting tomato crops in Ishaka
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2017-06) Abamazima, Maria
Background: Myzus pe.rsicae (green peach aphids) are crop pests; they are among the most destructive insect pests on cultivated plants in temperate regions. Many of them are green in color, but others may be white wooly or black (McGravin, 1993).Their damage to plants has made farming a complicated venture across the whole world. From the zoological standpoint, they are a highly successful group of organisms (Piper, 2007). The study was conducted to evaluate .the chemical composition and pesticidal effects of wood ash from Cassia didymobotrya on aphids affecting crops. DUDU® (Acelamectine) was used as a positive control in a concentration of lml/lL of water. It was hypothesized that Cassia didymobotrya ash has pesticidal effects on aphids which increase with an increase in its concentration. The study was carried out at KIU-WC Pharmacognosy laboratory. Ash obtained from a 1 year Cassia didymobotrya tree was exposed to aphids obtained from tomato p1ants i11 varying concentrations and also subjected to qualitative analysis. Results: From the results of the qualitative analysis of this ash, it contains chlorides, phosphates, sulphatcs and Calcium ions and all except Calcium are suspected causes of the death of the aphids. This is because, Chlorides,· chloride ions are used in dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) a notorious pesticide which because of its toxicity from its organic component is being withdrawn from market (Lear and Linda, 2009). · ~ Sulphates; inorganic Sulphur (contained in 'sulphates) is a generally accepted pestici9c that was used in earlier times to kill pests (Michael et al. , 2002 ). ~ Phosphates: these are the main ingredients used from both natural and synthetic pesticides. It was also discovered that the ash from Cassia didymobottya is effective in killing Myzus persicac and that its efficacy at a concentration of 5mg in 30Ml of water is 98.64% while the efficacy at a concentration of lOmg in 30 Ml of water is 99.04%. Conclusion: Wood ash from Cassia didymobotrya ontains chlorides, sulphates, phosphorous and calcium ions because of these chemicals the acacia wood ash is effective against aphids. The efficacy of this ash is dependent on the concentration of the ash; that is, the higher the concentration of the ash, the higher its ·efficacy, except for forming a paste at higher concentrations that would make its application difficult by blocking the pump nozzle. There is need for more research in isolating the effective component of this ash that specifically causes death of the aphid
Combatting Stigma: Essential Steps in Halting HIV Spread
(Journal of Applied Sciences, 2024) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu; Getrude Uzoma Obeagu; Edward Odogbu Odo; Matthew Chibunna Igwe; Okechukwu Paul-Chima Ugwu; Esther U. Alum; Puche Racheal Okwaja
Stigma remains a formidable obstacle in the global fight against HIV/AIDS, impeding effective prevention, testing, and treatment initiatives. This review article aims to delve into the pivotal role of combatting stigma as a fundamental strategy in mitigating the spread of HIV. By examining the multifaceted nature of stigma and elucidating essential steps to counteract it, this article underscores the urgency and significance of destigmatization efforts in achieving optimal public health outcomes. The review explores various forms of stigma associated with HIV/AIDS, delineates their impact on prevention and treatment, and proposes critical measures such as education, community engagement, policy interventions, healthcare provider training, and media advocacy. Emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive approach, this review underscores the necessity of collaborative efforts to foster a stigma-free environment, ultimately contributing to the cessation of HIV transmission and improved health outcomes for affected populations.
Comparative pharmacopoeia analysis of selected brands of diclofenac sodium tablets available in western Uganda pharmacies based on BPp 2009
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2017-06) Tumwebaza, John Martin
Background: Diclofenac is one of the most commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of pain, rheumatism and other inflammatory conditions.Aim: This study was aimed at investigating whether the selected brands of diclofenac sodium meet their label specifications as well as the BP 2009.Materials and Methods: Three brands of Diclofenac sodium were randomly selected in Pharmacies of Ishaka-Bushenyi Municipality, Bushenyi. A total of 20 tablets of each brand were chosen and used for this study. Quantitative test (assay) based on UV-Vis spectroscopy as well as qualitative tests (weight variation, hardness and disintegration time test) were done. Information was recorded in duplicates and analysis conducted using MS Excel 20 I 0 Version. Results: Diclofenac sodium tablets used in this study showed weight variations but there were no significant difference (P value> 0.05). Hardness test showed that brands D2 and D3 exhibited greater capability to resist breaking than D I with hardness of 784.25N, 629.12N and 427.44N respectively. The disintegration time test showed that brands D I and D2 passed the test while brand D3 failed to pass in acidic medium according to the BP limits. The calibration curve was linear with correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9997 at concentration range of 5.00-30.00f1g/ml. According to BP specifications of 95-105%, all the free brands failed the assay with a percentage stated content of 75.8%, 89.1% and 82.1% for brands Dl, D2, and D3 respectively. Conclusion and Recommendations: Within limitations of this study, brand D3 failed the disintegration time test in acidic medium. All diclofenac sodium brands failed the assay test because of using a low sonication time for extracting the API from the drug. Further tests should be carried out to validate the sonication time against absorbance to obtain an optimum time for extracting the API from the drug.
The effect of pharmacists' monitoring role on clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients attending two tertiary Referral Hospitals
(Kampala International University, school of Health Science, 2016-02) Kayima, Ronald
Evaluation of knowledge and use of oral contraceptives among women aged between 18 to 35 years attending antenatal clinic at lira regional referral hospital
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2018-12) Usama, Ahmed
Background: The urgent need for family planning was projected to change from 142 million in 2015 to 143 million in 2030, due to growth in the number of married or in-union women of reproductive age. Thus this study was aimed at evaluation of knowledge and use of oral contraceptives among women aged between 18 to 35 years attending ANC at LRRH. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey design was used and the target population were women aged between 18 to 35 years attending ANC at LRRH. A sample size of 144 respondents were used in the study. Data was collected from respondents with help of questionnaires and interviews were conducted in case one could not understand English. Data was entered in SPSS, analyzed and presented in forms of tables. Results: A greater number of participants were aged 30-35 years and 18-23 years that is 62(43.1%) and 60(41.7%) respectively; many 70(48.6%) were Langi; 81(56.3%) were single; Lastly many participants 51 (35.4%) were of secondary level and 44(30.6) were of tertiary and college level. majority 116(80.6%) preferred using pills and only 28(19.4%) never preferred using pills. The main reason why women preferred pills was because it is easy to use. 49(34.0%) thought pills are safe to use, 60(41.7%) never thought they are safe and 35(24.3%) didn't know. Majority 91 (63.2%) feared the side effects of pills. With many 36(25.0%) believing pills cause infertility, 20(13.9) believed it causes hormonal disturbance, 18( 12.5%) believed it causes uterine cancer and II (7.6%) said it causes breast cancer. Majority I 0 I (70.1 %) had ever stopped using pills with many 51 (50.5%) of them saying it was because of its side effects, 20(19.8%) stopped using pills because they are ineffective, and 11 ( 18.8%) said they are difficult to use. Majority 47(32.6%) were recommended by physician to use pills. Conclusion: In conclusion, many women prefer using pills (OCs), though many women again stop using them because of their side effects such as headache, mood swings, irritability and weight gain. To start using OCs many women were recommended by physicians. Religiously, sexual intercourse and marriage is for procreation (giving birth) thus religions are against use of OCs though for families with children there no clear prohibitions against use of oral contraceptives (OCs). Identified factors affecting use of OCs were age, having history of side effects and education level.
Extractive value, ash value and moisture content of amaranthus dub/us leaves ("dodo") in Bushenyi _ Ishaka town council, South Western Uganda
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2010) Njuguna, Jacinta
Factors affecting prevalence of self medication of antibiotics among adult population in Ishaka-Bushenyi municipality
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2018-12) Muwayira, Yovan
Introduction: The research deals with the factors affecting the prevalence of self-medication of antibiotics among adult population in Ishaka-Bushenyi Municipality. It was guided by the following objectives: to determine the prevalence of self-medication of antibiotics and other miscellaneous issues among the adult population in Ishaka-Bushenyi Municipality, to establish the socio-demographic characteristics of adult population engaged in self - medication of antibiotics in Ishaka-Bushenyi Municipality, and to establish the factors affecting self-medication of antibiotics among adult population in Ishaka-Bushenyi Municipality. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Ishaka-Bushenyi Municipality from April2018 to December, 2018. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to select 3 84 participants residing in the area, who reported to have felt sick in the last period of one year using simple random sampling method. The data obtained were entered into Microsoft Office Excel2010 and imported into STATA 13 for analysis. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were carried out together with descriptive summary statistics using STAT A 13. Results: The prevalence of self-medication of antibiotics was high at f78.13%j. Friends (30.60%) and previous prescription (28.83%) were the source of information for the self-medication that was mostly reported. The most common indications that made respondents to use antibiotics were cough, cold and sore throat (31.67%) followed by headache, fever and malaria (23.13%). Metronidazole (19.57%), Amoxicillin (12.81 %), Doxycline (12.10%), Ciprofloxacin (11.03%) and Sepuin (11.03%) were the most self-medicated antibiotics. Quick relief (27.76%) and no need to visit a doctor for minor illness (26.33%) were the main reasons in favor of this practice. In the univariate analysis with respect to the relationship between self-medication and sociodemographics, only age (P=<0.0001), place of residence (P=0.0103), marital status (P=0.0016), educational level (P=0.0001) and occupation of participants (P=<0.0001) were statistically related to self-medication, and the likelihood of self-medication was statistically higher among those with tertiary education [COR=26.62, P=0.002, 95%CI (3.406- 240.5)], secondary education [COR=20.30, P=0.006, 95%CI (2.398- 171 .9)] and primary education [COR=11.81, P=0.024, 95%CI (1.389- 100.4)] respectively than reference group without formal education [COR=1] as well as among the students [COR=6.937, P= <0.0001, 95%CI (3.150 to 15.28)] and those with modem occupation [COR=2.417, P= 0.001, 95%CI(l.435 to 4.071)], than the reference group on traditional occupation [COR=1]. Similarly, in the multivariate analysis, all the variables including age, sex, residence, marital status, educational level, occupation, religion, and monthly income were statistically related to self-medication (P=<0.0001) respectively. The likelihood of self-medication was however, statistically higher among the age group age 25-29 years [AOR=2.316, P=0.042, 95%CI (1.031 to 5.202)] than the reference age 18-24 years [AOR=1], those with secondary education [AOR=9.20, P=0.041,95%CI (1.098 to 87.81)] than the reference group who had no formal education [AOR=1], and the students and apprentice [AOR=5.026, P=<0001, 95% CI (2.124 to 11.89)] than the reference group in the traditional occupation [AOR=1] respectively. In the context of factors affecting self-medication in the univariate level, long distance to the health facility (P=<0.0001), lack of access to healthcare facility (P=<0.0001), nonaffordability of healthcare services (P=0.003), non-availability of healthcare facility (P=0.0002), lack of drugs in healthcare facility (HCF) (P=0.002), lack ofhealthcare workers (HCWs) in HCF (P=0.014), lack of health insurance policy among the participants (P=0.004), and lack of enforcement of antibiotic policies (P=0.001) respectively, significantly affected self-medication of antibiotics. In the multivariate analysis, long distance to the health care facility (HCF), lack of access to healthcare facility, non-affordability of healthcare services, non-availability of health care facility, lack of drugs in the healthcare facility, lack of HCWs, the attitude of the HCWs, lack of health insurance policy, and lack of enforcement of antibiotic policies statistically affected self-medication (P=<0.0001) respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication is high (73.18%). It is more prevalent in: younger population 25-30 years followed by 18-24 years than the old population, single participants than the married and divorced, educated than the non-educated, male than the female, those residing in the urban than the rural population and students than any other occupation. Metronidazole and amoxicillin were the most self-medicated antibiotics. Recommendations: Proper education on the dangers of self-medication without prescription through media and provision of affordable, available, accessible health care services together with provision of health insurance and introduction of strict antibiotic policies might help to reduce the practice.
Factors affecting utilization of focus antenatal care services among pregnant mothers attending antenatal care in Kitagata Hospital-Sheema District, Uganda.
(Kampala International University, school of Health Science, 2016-11) Bojo Ella Ladu, Estella
Factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents attending primary schools in Gulu Municipality
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2018-11) Acheng Otto, Susan
Whereas HAART has significantly improved the lives of many HIV patients worldwide, the lack of adherence to the treatment among school going adolescents remains a major challenge to HIV and AIDS care. Good adherence to the ART amongst all infected individuals is crucial for successful viral suppression, however, school going adolescents infected with HIV face particular challenges accessing effective care and achieving successful treatment outcomes as ARVT brings with it challenges to both the children undergoing the therapy and their caregivers. This study was designed to assess the factors associated with adherence to ART among adolescents attending primary school in Gulu municipality with specific objectives as; to determine tl1e adolescent's level of adherence to ART, and to assess the school related and the health care related factors affecting the same. A cross sectional descriptive research design, quantitative in nature, was used. Using purposive sampling, a total of 266 participant files were analyzed and 19 key informants were recruited into the study and the findings analyzed. The study found that the level of adherence to ART among adolescents in the study setting was not adequately assessed as some of the patients had been lost to follow up; school related factors like lack of awareness about ALWHIV in the schools negatively influenced adherence to ART among adolescents and the health care related factors such as staff attitude, among others also negatively influenced adherence to ART among ALWHIV. In light of the study findings, the researcher recommends that the parents and guardians should be encouraged to disclose their children's HIV status to both the children and the school authorities to enable continuity of medication smoothly as this would improve adherence.
The haema to logical and biochemical effects of concomitant administration of cotrimoxazole and ageratum conyzoides (asteraceae) in wistarrats
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2014-08) Ocaka, Keneth
A Research Report Submitted to the School of Pharmacy in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of a Bachelor of Pharmacy Degree of Kampala International University
In vitro antibacterial activity of ethanoic and diethyl ether crude stem bark extract of maesa lanceolata forssk against gastroenteritis causing bacteria isolates
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2018-12) Sseremba Lwanga, Andrew
Introduction: The burden of gastrointestinal (GI) illness remains significantly high in developing countries mostly among children below five years in East African countries. I Gastroenteritis is further worsened by antimicrobial resistance evolving and spreading among bacterial pathogens as a public health problem of increasing magnitude. Objectives: To evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic and diethyl ether crude stem bark extracts of Maesa lanceolata Forssk against gastroenteritis causing bacteric. such as; Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 25923™. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Proteus mirabihs NCTC® I 0975™. Shigella dysentery A TCC® 13313™. Pseudomonas aeruginosa A TCC® 27853™. Salmonella typhimuriuum ATCC® 14028™ and Escherichia coli ATCC® 25922™. Methods: The study was carried out in the microbiology laboratory and the Pharmacognosy laboratory at Kampala International University western campus. The cold maceration method was used for extraction of Maesa lanceolata stem bark using 80% ethanol and 99.9% diethyl ether solvents separately. The agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of the extracts. Data for the zones of inhibition was analyzed using SPSS-16 by one-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). The statistical significance of the comparisons was considered at 95% level of confidence interval (p<0.05). Results: The stem bark crude ethanolic extract had a higher antibacterial activity against the test bacterial isolates known to cause gastroenteritis compared to diethyl ether extr.1ct. Both extracts didn 't have activity against MRSA, S. typhim.urium and E. coli. The lowest recorded MIC for ethanolic extract was 3.125 mg/mL against both : MRSE and MSSA whereas the least obtained MIC for diethyl ether extract was 6.25 mg/mL against MSSA. The ethanolic extract exhibited the lowest MBC of 1.5625 mg/mL against :MRSE compared to diethyl ether extract which had 12.5 mg/rnL against MSSA. The study showed that the gram-positive bacteria were significantly more susceptible to the plant extract than gram negative bacteria. Conclusion: Maesa lanceolata stem back is a potential source for development of new antibacterial drugs to combat bacterial gastroenteritis and also overcome the burden of emerging antimicrobial resistance.
In vitro vaginal probiotic suitability of lactobacillus rhamnosus yoba
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2018-12) Kiiza, Haulat
Aims: Probiotic Lactobacilli have a great potential to produce antimicrobial compounds that inhibit and control the microbial pathogen growth. The effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Yoba on the growth of vaginal pathogens and the effect of vaginal substances (V -wash,KL Y Jelly and Today) on the growth of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Yoba were studied using 2 modified methods. Methods: Using the modified pour plate technique, the effect of vaginal substances on the growth of L.yoba was determined. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the inhibitory activity of L.yoba towards clinical isolates of both C. albicans and S. aureus. Results: The vaginal substances vaginal douche, spermicide and sexual lubricant slightly decreased the Log CFUs/ml of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Yoba from 8.18 to 6.23 Log CFUs/ml with time which was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). Lactobacillus rhamnosus Yoba had no antifungal and antibacterial effect on the growth of clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively Conclusions and Recommendation: Vaginal substances used in this study had no growth effects against L. yoba. Lactobacillus rhamnosus Yoba had no antifungal and antibacterial effect against test organisms thus its recommended to allow time for fermentation in order to obtainenough probiotics and usage of varying concentrations of L. yoba which could be effective against C. albicans and S. aureus. Key words: Probiotic suitability L. yoba, vaginal douche, spermicide and sexual lubricant, C. a/bicans and S. aureus.
Investigation of antibacterial activity, phytochemical screening and the extractive value of different solvents on lawson/a inermij(henna) plant leaf extract
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2010) Maranya, Mayengo Paul
Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of crassocephallum vitellinum leaf extracts
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2014) Wangoye, Khalim
Objectives: The objectives of this study to carry out qualitative analysis of phytochemical constituents present in hexane, ethylacetate and methanolic extracts of crassocephallum vitellinum leaves and thereafter evaluate the antibacterial activity of the leaf extracts of this plant against clinical pathogens of human origin. Methods: Extraction ofphytochemicals was performed by successive solvent extraction technique as explained by Hossamani.P.A (20 12). After the extraction process, phytochemical analysis was performed using qualitative methods explained by Evans (2002) and Harbone (1998). Antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested against staphylococcus areus, Escherichia coli and Klebsil!a pneumonia. The extracts were prepared at three varying concentrations of 300mg/ml, 150mg/ml and 75mg/ml. The antibacterial activity was determined by Agar well diffusion method as described by Sharmavaishale et al (2013). Results: Preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugars, tannins, cardiac glycosides in all the three extracts used. Quinones were only present in the hexane extract where as diterpenoids, steroids and terpenoids were present in hexane and methanolic extracts only. Hexane extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus at the highest concentrations. The maximum mean zone of inhibition was 13.5±2.12mm In addition, hexane demonstrated maximum zone of inhibition (18.5±4.95) against Escherichia coli at the highest concentration of the extract but remained inactive at the lower concentrations of this extract against Escherichia coli. Similarly, at 300mg/ml, hexane extract inhibited the growth of Klebsila pneumoniae with a min zone of inhibition of 13.5mm but also remained inactive at the lower concentrations of 150mg/ml and 75mg/ml. The methanolic extract was only active against staphy/ocococcus aureus at 300mg/ml with a meanzone of inhibition of 18±2.83mm. Methonolic extract did not have activity against Klebsilla pneumonia and Escherichia coli at all the three varying concentration. Furthermore, ethyl acetate showed noantibacterial activity against all the test microorganisms at all the three concentrations of the extracts. Conclusion: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,reducing sugars steroids, terpenoids, diterpenoids tannins quinines in ether hexane, ethylacetate ormethanolic extract. Finally, the present screening results demonstrated that hexane extract of crassocepha/lum vite/linum leaves has potent antibacterial activity and this plant may be a new source for novel antibacterial compound discovery for treating drugs resistant clinical human pathogens.
Rational prescribing of ARVS among pregnant HIV women attending selected health institutions, in Bushenyi District, Uganda
(Kampala International University, school of Health Science, 2010-04) Kevin, Kariuki
Rational prescribing of ARVS among pregnant HIV women attending selected health institutions, in Bushenyi District, Uganda
(Kampala International University. School of Health Sciences, 2010) Kariuki, Kelvin

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